Plug-in Hybrid Technology From Odyne Corporation Presented to Fleet Managers

The fact cannot be denied that electrical and electronic components are needed in a car. Auto parts like the Volvo relay which performs a variety of operations that is needed in order for the car to perform efficiently is quite indispensable.

While the use of electricity in a car is a common knowledge, another application of electricity on cars is just recently developed. This is in the form of hybrid electric vehicles that not only uses the stored electricity in its battery to operate some features of the car but also uses it to drive the car. Hybrid cars like the Toyota Prius is already enjoying success in the market due to the fact that hybrid cars are more fuel efficient than conventional vehicles.

Odyne Corporation is one of the principal developers of innovative plug-in hybrid electric vehicles – this means cars that can be charged via a common household socket. The corporation though is known for integrating this technology on trucks and buses.

And recently, the corporation presented their technology to fleet managers in the New York and California areas. Roger M. Slotkin, chief executive officer of the company, was given the honor of presenting their innovative technology on different alternative energy forums. Slotkin emphasized on his talks the distinct advantages of their technology in terms of the powertrain involved and battery management. He recently made an appearance at the Western Riverside Clean Cities Coalition’s 8th Annual “Advancing the Choice” affair.

At the said event, Slotkin addressed a host of fleet managers from the Southern California area. He talked about the present problem of fleet managers in meeting tough emission standards. The advantages of using their plug-in hybrid technology were given emphasis and how it can solve the current problem on emission of fleet managers. Slotkin also pointed out that their technology will help in boosting the growing compressed natural gas fuel infrastructure. He stated that CNG fuel hybrids with plug-in capability will not only reduce the emission of buses and truck but will also help another growing sector which focuses on alleviating the countries dependence on imported fossil fuel based gasoline and diesel fuels.

Slotkin also presented their technology’s benefits to fleet managers in New York on January 31 of this year. The event is a hybrid truck technology seminar and Odyne Corporation presented during the event their current lineup of hybrid vehicles. Slotkin also tackled their company’s dedication in the development of the technology for use in the transportation and sanitation markets.

Another advantage of the plug-in hybrid technology is that it reduces fuel consumption by as much as 50 percent. That figure, of course, depends on several factors like road and driving conditions and load that is carried by the trucks or buses. Plug-in hybrid vehicles also have relatively lower operating and maintenance costs. The cut in expenditures in maintaining a truck or bus will surely be good news to fleet managers since any money saved in maintenance can go to other areas of their business.

While hybrid vehicles can be easily outperformed by conventional ones at constant speed, Odyne Corporation claims that their hybrid technology will be helpful on driving conditions where numerous acceleration and deceleration is required.

The presentation of Odyne Corporation of their developed technology to fleet managers is vital in promoting cleaner trucks and buses. This is in consonance with the effort of the government and the global community as a whole in reducing dependence on the fossil fuel reserves. While the technology alone cannot wipe away the reliance of the automotive industry on fossil fuel, it is a step in the right direction.

Glady Reign is a 32 year old is a consultant for an automotive firm based in Detroit, Mi. she is a native of the motor city and grew up around cars hence her expertise in the automotive field.

Electric Vehicles | Street Legal Electric Vehicles | Street Legal Electric Cars

A Practical Electric Car

We all know that hybrid cars still need gasoline to be completely dependable. Electric cars on the other hand, suffer from short range and require significant amounts of time to recharge their batteries. So what’s the answer? It’s really quite simple, a “modulized” electric car.

Picture yourself driving across the country in an electric car. After 200 miles staring at pavement, your battery gauge is nearing the recharge mark. It is time to pull off the interstate and find a fuel station. Fortunately, like most exit ramps, a gas station is right in the area. You pull in the driveway and roll right past the gas pumps. Instead, you continue up to an empty spot on a large rack where hundreds of identical depleted car batteries are sitting. You push a button on the dash and three seconds later your battery is disconnected and unloaded from your car. It automatically locks into the rack and begins recharging. The small auxiliary battery in your car is now powering the entire vehicle. You back out and then drive to a fully charged battery in the next rack. The batteries are constructed in a “V-shaped” fashion. You misjudge the drive-up alignment by over three feet, but the battery still slides into your engine compartment and locks safely into place. Once again you are fully charged and ready to role. The entire evolution takes half the time needed to pump a tank of gasoline. You wave to the guy who pulled off the interstate directly in front of you while he continues fueling his SUV. You will be miles down the road before he gets back on the highway.

How can the above scenario become reality? What if each new electric vehicle automatically came with two full size batteries? One is always in the car and a second in a charging rack anywhere in the country. If all the batteries were standardized to fit every type of vehicle, we could simply interchange them as needed with any other charged battery out there. Fuel stations could have racks upon racks of batteries being charged as they are swapped out. If we had 200 million cars on the road, there would be 400 million batteries to keep them moving. We could pay a nominal recharge fee to the fuel stations each time we took one.

Currently most of our electrical energy comes from burning coal. Fortunately the US happens to have enormous quantities under its soil. Power plants are currently using this resource along with cleaner burning technologies. It would not be practical to expect a “coal-burning car” to utilize coal cleanly, but a large power plant could. Converting this black energy to run electric vehicles would certainly help improve the environment and get us completely off imported oil. We could also install solar panels all over the exterior of these electric cars to help use a little of that, “green” free energy from the sun. Every little bit helps and it would have an immediate positive impact on our wallets. Just think, when your car is sitting in the driveway all day, it’s actually gaining fuel.

Obviously the logistics surrounding the batteries will need to be worked out. For example, it may be necessary to create a rule where a car owner cannot pick up a charged battery unless a depleted one is dropped off first, thereby keeping the stockpile of batteries up. Since the overwhelming majority of vehicles in this country are actually sitting stationary at any given time, the small percentage currently on the road will have an ample number of charged batteries for immediate use. Another issue may be in keeping batteries strategically placed around the country. We could give the oil companies something to do by moving them where needed.

The real trick behind all of this isn’t a car that practically changes the battery for you. Most auto engineers can probably design one in a matter of days. The trick is making a car that’s as convenient for us as gas-burning vehicles are today. It’s a statistical fact that we as consumers like things easy, so let’s keep that in mind while building the next generation of vehicles.

All right big three, I’ve given you the idea, now run with it before those countries on the far side of the planet scoop you for the second century in a row!

Gator a retired aircraft mechanic who owns a small business manufacturing and marketing good old fashioned clotheslines. His website is The Clothesline Shop LLC His passion is to see the United States become completely free of the need for foreign oil.

Electric Vehicles | Street Legal Electric Vehicles | Street Legal Electric Cars

Busting Traffic Light Myths – Or – Why Can’t I Get A Green Light?

On December 10th in the year 1868, the first traffic signal light was placed into service. The bulky, primitive device employed colored lamps that were fueled by gas for use after dark, and semaphore arms. It required an operator to attend it at all times that it was in use. Twenty three days after that first traffic signal light went into service, it exploded – injuring the police officer who was assigned to run the lights and signals. This unfortunate event brought into question the practicality of implementing traffic signal lights.

Despite the volatility, and ultimately disastrous results, of using the first traffic signal light, stalwart inventors and engineers pursued the idea. As more and more traffic amassed on streets and roadways, the use of stop signs and officers standing on boxes at intersections became less and less practical – and more and more dangerous.

Sometime around 1912 the first electric traffic signal was put into use. These initial units only had red and green lights, however. In 1917 in Salt Lake City, Utah, a series of traffic lights were linked together, thus ‘connecting’ six sequential intersections. This system was operated manually with a single switch.

In 1922 Garrett A. Morgan made application for a patent on a traffic signal light of his own design. The patent was granted the following year. This started the myth that Morgan was the inventor of the traffic light.

Between the time the first traffic lights were introduced, and the early 1960’s many improvements were made, and many experiments conducted. The biggest problem with traffic signals to that point was simply that they were dependent on timers only. East-west traffic would get a green light for 3-minutes, and then a timer would trigger a green light for the north-south traffic – and so on. The lengths of time could be adjusted, but these settings frequently created problems with the flow of traffic.

In the early 1960’s traffic engineers started to implement “inductive loops” to control intersection traffic flow. The loops, which could detect vehicles in specific lanes at intersections controlled the lights’ timers. The inductive loops would switch the lights to accommodate the traffic at hand, based on the time of day. No more sitting at red traffic lights for 2-3-4 or 5 minutes – even if there was no cross-traffic present. Traffic engineers basked in a deluge of praise from drivers.

In the 1970’s technological advances in metallurgy, plastics, and rubber started changing the way vehicles were manufactured – and what they were being manufactured with. No longer was everything from the dashboard to the fenders made of high-iron content steels. It was in conjunction with these advances that the myths of tripping traffic lights began. Since then, it has gotten worse every year as more alloys, plastics, and rubber are used in the construction of vehicles.

It seemed logical that the amount of weight present at an intersection is what would trigger a green light. This is a myth. It also seemed logical that the mass present at an intersection would trigger a green light. This is also a myth. Since people were unable to make traffic lights trip by adding weight, or by having more mass to their vehicles, they started to seek other answers. The last most popular myth is that there is an invisible curtain that, when broken by a vehicle, triggers a green light. It is thought that the curtains only cover a portion of the lane, and if you do not violate the curtain, you don’t get the green light. This is also a myth.

Actually, inductive loop technology is very simple. An inductive loop is nothing but a very large, very weak electromagnet. The term ‘inductive loop’ refers to electromagnets used in industry to detect iron. They are commonly used in numerous industrial applications. They are inexpensive to make, install and maintain.

Inductive loops at traffic lights are created by burying large coils of thin copper wire slightly beneath the road’s surface. The wires are covered with either black tar or rubber. A small current runs through the wire, thus making it into an electromagnet. The loop is connected to a meter which measures changes inside the loop. Magnets react to iron – not plastic or rubber or aluminum. So when enough iron is present within the loop, the traffic light cycles to green.

The vehicles that have the greatest trouble tripping lights are motorcycles and mopeds, followed by small cars and trucks, and then raised 4×4s and SUVs. Drivers of these vehicles often sit undetected at traffic lights wasting fuel, getting rained on, their engines overheating, and their irritation growing.

To positively trigger your green lights, you can drag a bowling ball-sized piece of iron around on the ground – but that won’t work if it’s inside your trunk. That’s too far from the weak sensing field of the loop. In the trunk, you’ll need two or three large iron balls. OR you can install a Signal Sorcerer® traffic light changer http://signalsorcerer.com/.

Signal Sorcerer® traffic light changers use their own technology to make inductive loops detect your vehicle – no matter what size, weight, or mass it is. Simply install the Signal Sorcerer® under your vehicle, and the inductive loops that control traffic lights will detect your vehicle, and give you the green light!

Signal Sorcerer® requires no power, lasts a lifetime, is legal everywhere, installs in less than five minutes without any tools, and is completely guaranteed. Signal Sorcerer® traffic light changers have been in use around the world for years, and units are available for every application including police motorcycle divisions, security vehicles, fleet vehicles, and personal conveyances.

Eric Scribener is a 30-year veteran freelance writer and photographer currently on assignment for http://www.dotcomtucson.com/ ? putting Tucson Arizona in the palm of your hand.

Electric Vehicles | Street Legal Electric Vehicles | Street Legal Electric Cars

Welcome to Tanzania

WELCOME TO TANZANIA:

Tanzania is blessed with natural beauty and extraordinary wildlife. It is the largest country in East Africa–-nearly a million square kilometers (386,109 square miles). Agriculture dominates the economy with the vast majority of its crop exports consisting of coffee, tea, cotton, cashews, sisal, cloves and pyrethrum. While somewhat unreliable cash flows frustrate farmers, government intervention is having a significant and positive impact on the country’s economy.

In 1986, to help improve the country’s economy, the Tanzanian government established new policies including reducing its budget deficit, easing trade policies and reducing food crop restrictions. In addition, as a result of significant U.S. funding and numerous international groups in the mining, agricultural, gas and oil, insurance and tourism industries increasing their staff and presence in the country, Tanzania enjoyed a 16% increase in Foreign Direct Investment in 2007.

Tanzania has been growing at approximately 4% a year and is now a fully integrated democratic society that is developing into one of Africa’s most vibrant economies. Dodoma is the capital city and is home to the country’s parliament and government offices. It is situated 440 kilometers (273 miles) due west of Dar es Salaam, the commercial capital. Dar es Salaam is a city that is over five centuries old. It is a mix of African, Arabian, Asian and European cultures. Tanzanians are extremely friendly and will stop to assist foreigners in any way they can.

For someone first arriving in Dar es Salaam by air, they will see a large area with high palm trees and mud dwellings as far as the eye can see. Once on the ground, the buildings are haphazardly constructed and not very clean. By contrast the international hotels are of good quality and well situated to take advantage of the seascapes.

The city is divided into 4 distinct areas: The “town center” is a mixture of office buildings, hotels, restaurants, bars, night clubs, parks and sports facilities. The “peninsular” is where most of the diplomats and expatriates live. It boasts spectacular views of the sea, hosts local restaurants, shops, hotels and has a sailing club. Then, there are the coastal homes and resorts which span 20 to 30 kilometers (12 to 19 miles) north and south of Dar es Salaam. The remainder of the city, unfortunately, is characterized by low-cost housing, with a large population of three to four million people living close to the poverty line.

Dar es Salaam has changed dramatically from socialism to a more capitalist-aligned government over the last 15 years. The influx of diplomats, big business and foreign aid donations have resulted in a gradual improvement in the living standards of the local population. The infrastructure and public facilities are also improving each year–frequent power failures of the past are becoming much less frequent. Water and sewage problems remain high on the government’s list of priorities.

Swahili is the official language of Tanzania, but for business communications, English is almost always used. A person can function quite easily in the city without knowing Swahili, but learning it does make it easier to assimilate, shop and barter in the local communities.

Being polite and greeting Tanzanians is the most important thing you can remember and preferably if it’s done in Swahili. Visitors should try not to raise their voices, even if patience is tested. Dar es Salaam is a Muslim environment and one should be very understanding of the Muslim customs.

Dar es Salaam is extremely hot most of the year around and unless you have an office or house equipped with fans or a good air-conditioning system, you will feel drained by the high temperatures which are generally 30 degrees C (86 degrees F), and in summer, closer to 40 degrees C (104 degrees F) with humidity very close to 100%. Torrential showers come and go without much notice. One can escape from the heat on weekends by going to one of the many beaches.

Foreigners seeking to enter Tanzania should have a valid passport. The passport is to be presented to an Immigration Officer at any entry point, border station, airport or harbor. It must be presented with a Visa, a Residence Permit or a Pass, which is for those in transit en route to another destination.

There are five types of visas: The “Ordinary Visa” is issued at any Tanzanian mission abroad. However, if you arrive at the check point without a visa, you can obtain one at the entry point at a cost of US $50. The “Business Visa,” which is called a CTA, is issued to potential investors or business people trying to establish professional contacts. It is valid for two months. It costs US $100, in addition to the entry visa cost. If the business person leaves the country, they need to get the entry visa and CTA visa again when entering. The “Multiple-Entry Visas” are issued to foreigners who, due to business commitments, are required to make multiple entries. The validity can be from one month to one year. The “Referred Visa” requires special clearance from the Director of Immigration or Principal Immigration officer in Zanzibar. This is usually for people from Lebanon, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Somalia, refugees, stateless people and any other country as specified by the authorities. Applications are made to any Tanzanian missions abroad and cannot be obtained at entry points. Finally, the “Transit Visa” is issued for those who wish to cross Tanzania and the validity is two weeks. It is for those people holding onward tickets.

Visas can be obtained at the airport and if arriving by land or sea, at the port of entry. Although the government has officially stopped asking for yellow fever certificates, it is still advisable to obtain and carry a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate. Weapons, pornographic material, fresh food and cars more than 10 years old should not be brought into Tanzania.

There are two types of work permits, each requiring different documents including resumes, cover letters, academic qualifications and personal photographs. A special type of Work Permit is given specifically to those who successfully apply and possess rare qualifications or skills. These are usually granted to those in highly technical occupations that are not readily available in the local labor market including doctors, pilots, lawyers and accountants.

With a residence permit, spouses and dependents are permitted to stay in Tanzania for the duration of the working relative’s stay. They generally do not work, but there are some exceptions based on specific criteria. A passport is the main document used to verify identity in Tanzania. Apart from getting a Tanzanian driver’s license, no other documentation is required.

The local currency is the Tanzanian Shilling (Shilingi). The notes are TSH 10,000 (red, elephant), TSH 5,000 (purple, rhino), TSH 1,000 (blue, late President Nyerere), TSH 500 (green, buffalo) and TSH 2,00 (brown, Zanzibar Fort). The coins are TSH 200, 100, 50 and 25. TSH 20, 10 and 5 are out of circulation and while they still may be used in banks, are no longer issued or used. Bureau of Exchanges are located throughout the city. The rates vary so it wise to shop around. Hotels will also exchange foreign currency, but at higher rates.

Cash is the most commonly-used payment for everyday purchases e.g., groceries, etc. It is essential for such things as cooking gas, fuel for the car, restaurants, drinks at bars, taxis and most other daily purchases. Recently, larger shops have started accepting Visa and MasterCard and some places will accept American Express, but it is still advisable to have cash available in case of problems with the unreliable machines.

Credit cards are accepted in hotels and some very select restaurants, which will charge a 5% fee. In most instances, you will need Tanzanian shillings. Foreign cash is accepted, but at shocking exchange rates. Some institutions insist on being paid in U.S. dollars, but you have the right to pay in Shillings. However, you will more than likely get a poor exchange rate.

As a foreigner you are able to open a private bank account with a minimum of 50,000 Tanzanian Shillings, 1,000 U.S.-dollars and sometimes with 1,000 Euros, but you will need a work/residence permit, two passport-size photographs, a letter of appointment from your employer and a cash deposit in order to do so. All banks use English and Swahili as the language of correspondence. Provided you have sufficient funds, you can transfer and remit any amount of currency out of the country. Conversely, you can transfer in as much as you want, but it will be converted into the currency of your accounts.

Banking hours on weekdays are normally 08:30 am to 15:30 pm and Saturdays, from 09:00 am to noon. There are over 30 banks with Barclay’s, Standard Chartered, Stanbic, Bank of Baroda, FBME, and Citibank being the more well known internationally. Most banks have ATMs and offer Visa, and MasterCard facilities. Cash is dispensed in Tanzanian Shillings. TSH 400,000 is usually the maximum allowed to be withdrawn at one time. Traveler’s cheques are generally only accepted and exchanged at banks, hotels and bureaus of exchange. Credit cards are slowly being introduced but, when dealing with locals, cash is the only acceptable tender.

When searching for a place to live in your city, the most important factor to consider is your budget. Accommodation costs are extremely high while the standards are comparatively low. The other factor to consider is the traveling distance to work and school as traffic congestion is problematic, especially in the morning.

Oysterbay and the Peninsula are the two most popular neighborhoods for expats. Rentals in the Oysterbay and Peninsular vary from US $2,500 to $15,000 per month. The most prominent and sought after areas are Masaki (near the Yacht Club), Msasani Peninsular and Oysterbay. All are located near the most popular school, shopping centers, hospitals, hotels and restaurants. These areas have been developing at an amazing rate in the last five to seven years and you now have a choice of all types of accommodation. Many of them have swimming pools, gyms, tennis courts and security systems. Because these areas are in high demand, the rents are much higher and payment terms are seldom less than a year.

Foreigners are not allowed to buy property. Only businesses are permitted to buy on a 99-year lease agreement. So as a general rule, accommodation is rented. Landlords of property on the Peninsular demand an advance payment for one year. In other areas, some owners ask for only six months in advance.

While looking for your home, you may consider furnished accommodation on a short-term lease. Ask for a list of accommodations available, but book early because it is scarce in Dar es Salaam. There are only two international residential management companies: Knight Frank and Pam Goulding. However there are three to four good local firms. There are over 40 hotels and furnished apartments in Dar es Salaam and the surrounding areas: Holiday Inn, Movenpick, Kempinski, Protea and Sun International are the more commonly known hotel chains.

Utilities are generally not included in the price of rent. Water is a factor to be considered when moving to an area. In certain areas, for example the Yacht Club and Masaki, a house for a family of four requires water to be trucked in four times a month at US $50 a delivery. If DAWASCO, the local company distributing water around Dar es Salaam is connected to your home it can cost about TSH 100,000 (US $85 per month).

Electricity is another high-cost factor. A house that consumes electricity for air-conditioners and appliances can be as much as TSH 500,000 (US $430 per month). TANESCO sells prepaid electricity through its LUKU offices from Monday to Saturday. Some garages offer a 24 hour service for sales of LUKU. Gas is a very useful alternative to electricity and is readily available and most DUKAs (local shops) sell it late at night. The voltage system is 220 but because of the fluctuating .voltage, most households buy many protection plugs to prevent their appliances from being destroyed by the sharp peaks and troughs in supply. Most appliances function in Tanzania.

Tanzania is considered safe, but there has been an increase in petty theft and some gang-related attacks on lone people. Burglary in the home is rare, but one should employ 24-hour security services.

Expats in Dar es Salaam usually enroll children in the main private schools. There are more than a dozen schools to choose from in Dar es Salaam including IST (International School of Tanganyika) in Oysterbay for upper class children and IST Elementary school in Upanga. IST is by far the most popular school of choice for expatriates and for that reason alone, it is difficult to get students placed immediately. Sometimes your luck is determined by those leaving a particular grade. The school is extremely expensive but has the best record in the city. There are also seven selected schools in the Peninsular, Ada Estate and Upanga areas which cater to preschool children. School buses are available, but heavy traffic means that children spend a long time on the bus from very early in the morning. Hence a lot of families drive their children to and from school.

All schools except IST start in January and finish in December. IST starts in September and finishes at the end of June. The schools as a rule, insist that their pupils wear uniforms. Sports are not a high priority, but IST does have some activities other than academic.

It is recommended that you get Yellow Fever and Cholera vaccinations as a precaution, and speak to your doctor about medicine to prevent malaria. You would not be refused medical care, but in Aga Khan and government hospitals, admittance is relatively cheap. Most expatriates go to IST Clinic–International School of Tanganyika Clinic, which is run by professional doctors who charge in U.S. dollars for all services. The local institutions will refer patients to Kenya, South Africa if the situation warrants it.

You can dial 112 for help due to a medical emergency, a fire or if you need to contact the police, however, these numbers are rarely answered. It is best to get the emergency numbers of the security company you belong to. There are three or four security firms that offer reliable ambulance and medical assistance services. Daktari” is the word for “doctor” in Swahili. “Duka la Dawa” is the shop for medicine. The water is not safe to drink from the tap. Bottled water is highly recommended.

Dar es Salaam traffic can be very congested especially in the morning and evening hours. It is a definite advantage to have your own vehicle. If a company vehicle is not available to ferry your family around, you may require a second vehicle. Many expatriates use drivers to avoid the stresses of traffic and the perils of possible accidents. You may want to employ a driver to carry out both functions and, in general, these people are very reliable and prepared to work odd hours. Vehicles are generally a four-wheel drive type, because the roads are not in good condition. A new vehicle of that type sells for US $30,000 to $50,000 but good second hand vehicles are available for between US $8,000 and $15,000.

A Tanzanian driver’s license is required within six months upon arrival. The licensing authority requires both a current driver’s license for verification; three passport size photographs and an eye test by a reputable specialist (at a cost of TSH 30,000 or US $26). Insurance is not mandatory, but it is highly recommend that you take out full comprehensive insurance as very few local citizens have insurance and you need to protect your assets.

In Tanzania you drive on the left-hand side. Despite periodic complaints in the press about dangerous driving, dirty uniforms and unsociably loud music, Dar es Salaam’s public transport is surprisingly efficient and you can get almost anywhere within a twenty kilometer (12 mile) radius of the city for less than a thousand Shillings (less than a US $1). “Daladals” are shared minibuses which are all around the town and operate from 5am to 10pm. For short, frequently-used distances, the route is serviced by an inexpensive, three-wheeler motorbike, which accommodates two- to three passengers. Taxis can be found everywhere. Trips to the airport are between TSH 20,000 to 30,000 (US $17 to $26). In the city, the transport is safe but is generally very crowded and can be very hot and congested.

Long haul buses are available to take Expats out of the city. They are of good quality and are fairly inexpensive, but the drivers are known to speed. If the distance is within 40-50 kilometers (24-30 miles), then taxis would be a good option. Because of the huge distances from Dar es Salaam to other major tourist spots, many travelers use local airlines and charter companies to go to these places.

There are many grocery stores to buy food and toiletries including Shoppers Plaza, Shop rite (three outlets), Game, Village Supermarket and Shrijee’s (three outlets). For fresh produce, there are other “Dukas,” but one must be ready to barter for the best price, so most expatriates tend to shop at the main-stream shops and occasionally buy at the odd roadside Duka. Other than fresh food, all other commodities are imported and come with an inflated cost. You can get most things, including appliances locally and quite a variety too.

There are also several brilliant furniture outlets. Tanzanians are very good furniture manufacturers and are renowned for Zanzibar beds, chests, bookshelves, side tables and coffee tables and much more. Zanzibar Doors are grand entrances for a great deal of houses.

The expat community is very friendly and there are many activities available for entertainment. Clubs and groups are available to meet and mix with other expatriates and locals alike including Bridge Clubs, British Council, Dar es Salaam Yacht Club, Diplomatic Spouses Group, Irish Society, Little Theatre, Mah-jong, the Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania and many others. There are not many radio stations and apart from television, the social life is restricted to going to the movies and dining out. There are several groups who welcome (“Karibu”) newcomers. There are night clubs and many bars, but it is suggested that a newcomer only goes to these places once they get to know the city. There are a lot of single, professional expats who are on assignment for a contracted period.

The list of things for spouses to do is almost endless. It is common for spouses to visit the islands near Dar es Salaam, enjoy the sunshine and eat freshly cooked fish and chips. The sporting activities are limited, but golf, tennis and cricket are all very popular social events. There is a bowling alley at the Sea Cliff Hotel on the Peninsular and scuba diving and sailing are popular activities on the weekends.

Nannies are available and are generally have experience working with other expats families. They are very reliable and can double up as housekeepers. Domestic employment contracts are essential, the wages are very affordable.

While Kunduchi Hotel and Beach Resorts are the most popular kid-friendly attractions in the area, other childhood activities are quite limited and families are expected to entertain their children most of the time. Other than school-organized activities, it is suggested that families remain involved with selecting the possible venues for their teenagers before allowing them to explore on their own. Discuss any safety issues for children in this city. There are no real fears for children, but it is recommended that teenagers do not go into the city on their own.

Written by:
Chris Draeger, Group Vice President, Crown Relocations

Crown Relocations has been providing international moving and relocation services since 1965. With 200 offices in 50 countries, Crown has “people on the ground” in all the major Expat communities around the world. Crown provides a range of services to help Expats and their families move and settle into their new home ranging from Orientation Tours, Home finding, School Search and more. Crown also organizes Expat Clubs with regular events to help people meet and socialize with other Expats.

We also serve corporate clients as they develop and manage the relocation policies and employee benefit programs for the staff moving overseas. Services include expense management, program development, policy counseling, customized online reporting and full departure and destination services for the employees.

Crown is a private organization headquartered in Hong Kong, with European HQ in London and Americas HQ in Los Angeles California.

Crown provides free moving quotations on its website at http://www.crownrelo.com

Christine Draeger is Group Vice President of Crown Worldwide. The Crown Relocations divisions help corporates, employees, private individuals and their families move and settle in to new locations around the world.

Electric Vehicles | Street Legal Electric Vehicles | Street Legal Electric Cars

Do Electric Car Conversions Actually Work?

Electric car conversions sound impossible if you do not have mechanical skills, But what you should know is that this project only requires simple tools and a deal of commitment to be successful.

All you have to prepare for electric car conversions are the following:

a car the you need to convert

a workshop like your garage or driveway

basic tools that you can find a typical garage

electric car conversion kit where the essential components are included

some help from your family, friends or a trained mechanic

your spare time and commitment

When it comes to the car, you have to consider the carrying capacity and its strength to be able to carry a number of batteries. The more batteries you install, the higher distance range your can car can travel. In addition, you have to use a standard driving or manual car because automatic cars will not work.

Electric car kits are widely available. The internet is a good source of kits that you may consider. Usually, these electric car kits are complete with all the essential components such as the motor, chargers, the wiring kits and all.

You do not have to worry about the tools because all you need are the tools that basic mechanics use. You are not required with special tools to make this project possible.

Of course, you need to commit yourself for the project to be done in time.

It is very easy to do electric car conversions and you will have a lot of benefits when you are done.

Here you can find more intrusting ideas about electric car

 

Environmental Risk Aversion for Waste Derived Biomass

1.0 Introduction

This 21st century has become an age of recycling where a lots of emphasize is placed on reuse of material to curb current environmental problems and maximize use of depleting natural resources and energy conservation. Modern day sustainable use and management of resource recommend need to incorporate recycling culture in our ways of life including technological process. Biomass is not left behind in this; the use of biomass energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various natural and human activities to produce electricity is becoming popular. Biomass is considered as one of the clean, more- efficient and more-stable means of power generation. And it has become imperative for marine industry to tap this new evolving power generation mode especially the use of micro generation approach considering the mobile nature of ships.

 

Biofuels exist in solid, liquid or gas form thereby potentially affecting three of our core markets. Solid biofuels or biomass tend to be used in external combustion, however its use in the shipping industry has been limited to liquid biofuel due to lack of appropriate information economics forecasts, Sources of biomass include by-products from the timber industry, agricultural crops, raw material from the forest, major parts of household waste, and demolition wood, all things being equal using pure biomass that do not affect human and ecological chain make it suitable energy source. Biomass has low sulfur content means biomass combustion therefore considered much less acidifying than with coal, for example. Also, the ashes from biomass consumption, which are very low in heavy metals, can be recycled.

One advantage of biomass compared to other renewable-based systems that require costly advanced technology (such as solar photovoltaics) is that biomass can generate electricity with the same type of equipment and power plants that now burn fossil fuels. Many innovations in power generation with other fossil fuels may also be adaptable to the use of biomass fuels. Various factors have hindered the growth of the renewable energy resource, however. Most biomass power plants operating today are characterized by low boiler and thermal-plant efficiencies; both the fuel’s characteristics and the small size of most facilities contribute to these efficiencies. In addition, such plants are costly to build.

Biomass remains potential renewable energy contributor to net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by offsetting CO2 from fossil generation. The current method generating biomass power is biomass fired boilers and Rankine steam turbines. Recent research work in developing sustainable, and economic biomass focus on high-pressure supercritical steam cycles , use of feedstock supply system, and conversion of biomass to a low or medium gas that can be fired in combustion turbine cycles, resulting in efficiencies one-and-a-half times that of a simple steam turbine. biofuels has potential to influence marine industry, and it as become importance for designers and ship owners to accept their influence on the world fleet of the future especially the micro generation concept with co generation for cargo and fuel for  ships.

 

The paper discuss conceptual work, trend , sociopolitical driver, economic, development, and future of biomass with hope to bring awareness to local, national and multinational bodies making biofuels policies as well as maritime multidisciplinary expertise in regulation, economics, engineering, and vessel design and operation. The paper also discusses how the shipping industry can take advantage of growing tide to tap benefit promised by waste use power generation system.

 

 

2.0 Biomass developmental trend

 

The concept of use of Biofuels for energy generation has has been existing concept, and in the face of challenges posed by environmental need, its growth is likely to dominate renewable energy market. Following the advent of peanut oil diesel engines developed by Rudolf Diesel in 1911 the production and use of biofuels worldwide has grown significantly in recent years. The current world biofuels market is focused on: Bioethanol blended into fossil motor gasoline (petrol) or used directly and biodiesel or Fatty Acid Methyl Ester diesel blended into fossil diesel. However the use of The Fischer-Tropsch model that involve catalyzed chemical reaction to produce a synthetic petroleum substitute, typically from coal, natural gas or biomass, for use as synthetic lubrication oil or as a synthetic fuel seem promising and negate risk posed by food based biomass. This synthetic fuel runs only in diesel engines and some aircraft engines. Oil, product and chemical tankers being constructed now are likely to benefit much more from use of biomas. However use on gasoline engines ignites the vapors at much higher temperatures, which pose limitation to inland water craft.

 

Biomass generation and growing trend can be classified into 3 generation types:

first generation’ biofuels relate to biofuels made from sugar or starch, producing bioethanol, and vegetable oil or animal fats producing biodiesel. First generation biofuels provoke increasing criticism through their dependence on food crops and issues over biodiversity, land use and human rights. Hybrid technology for percentage blending is being employed to mitigate food production impact. Second generation biofuels mitigate problem posed by the first generation biofuels. They do not affect food crops because they are made from waste biomass from agricultural and forestry, fast-growing grasses and trees specially grown as so-called “energy crops”. With technology, sustainability and cost issues to overcome, second-generation biofuels are still several years away from commercial viability and many second generation mass produced biofuels are still under development including the biomass to liquid. Fischer-Tropsch production technique. third generation biofuels are green fuels like algae biofuel made from energy and biomass crops that have been designed in such a way that their structure or properties conform to the requirements of a particular bioconversion process. They are made from such as sewage, and grown on ponds.

 

Just like tanker revolution influence on ship type, demand for biomass will bring, will bring capacity, bio -material or completed product from source to production area and then to the point of use, will bring technological, environmental change will require ships of different configuration, size and tank coating type. As well as impact on the tonne mile demand will change accordingly.

 

Effect on shipping is likely to follow shipping large scale growth on exports and seaborne trade from key exporting regions, particularly South America. Brazil has a key role. Brazil has already been branded to be producing en-mass ethanol from sugar cane since the 1970s with a cost per unit reportedly the lowest in the world. And it is currently exploring ethanol

 

Table 1 – World ethanol consumption 2007

Consumption

 

World ethanol consumption –

51 million tones, 2007

Us and brazil

68%

EU and China –

17% – surplus of 0.1 million tones

US deficit –

1.7mt

EU deficit -

1.3 mt

World – deficit

1mt

 

Recent year is also witnessing  emerging trade on biofuel product between the US, EU, and Asia and whilst Brazil exports the most ethanol globally at about 2.9 million tonnes per year, the top importers of the US, EU,Japan and Korea have increasing demand that will have to be satisfied by increased shipping capacity. Seaborne vegetable oil supply is increasingly growing

 

 

Table 2 – Biofuel growth

 

 

 

Vegetable oil

33 mt in 2000 to 59 mt in 2008

 

Palm oil

13 mt in 2000 to 32 mt forecast in 2008.

 

a 7.5% p.a growth rate

Soya bean

7 mt to some 11.5 mt in 2008,

 

EU

imports – 5.7 mt in 2001 to an expected 10.3 mt for 2008

8.9%.

 

3.1 mt in 2001 to 5.2 mt forecast for 2008

39%

 

Production capacity- 1.9 mt in 2002 to 11 mt in 2007, with 2007.

 

50% of total capacity.

 

 

Recently biofuel is driving a new technology, Worldwide; the use of biofuels for cars and public vehicles has grown significantly. With excess capacity waiting for source material it seems inevitable that shipping demand will increase.

 

3.0 Inter industry Best Practice

 

3.1 Land based use - 

 

UK pumps mandate at least 2.5% biofuels. This target will rise to 5% by 2010. Also in the UK, the first train to run on biodiesel went into service in June 2007 for a six month trial period. The train uses a blended fuel, which is 20% biodiesel and the operator, Virgin Trains, is confident the mix can be increased to at least a 50% mix with the further possibility to run trains on fuels entirely from non-carbon sources. On January 15, 2006- Central Ohio Transit Authority (COTA lunch a program to test a 20% blend of biodiesel (B20) in its buses. In two months they used approximately 45,000 gallons of B20. As a result of the test, in April 2006 they began using biodiesel fleet-wide. In addition to using B20 in the winter months, COTA has committed to using 50-90% biodiesel blends (B50 – B90) during the summer months. This is projected to decrease regular diesel fuel consumption by over one million gallons per year. 26th of October 2007. buses in the UK running on B100 was launched on  In a pilot project. Argent Energy (UK) Limited is working together with Stagecoach to supply biodiesel made by recycling and processing animal fat and used cooking oil. For power stations, B&W have orders in the EU for 45 MW of two-stroke biofuel engines with a thermal efficiency of 51-52%. Specifically, these operate on palm oil of varying quality, and in the future, it is expected that more engines, whether stationary or marine, will be developed to run on biofuels.

·         US DOE has funded five new advanced biomass gasification research and development projects beginning in 2001(Vermont project)

·         2008 – Ford announced a £1 billion research project to convert more of its vehicles to new biofuel sources. The first trial oft, Last year. BP Australia has now sold over 100 million liters of 10% ethanol content fuel to Australian motorists, and Brazil sells both 22% ethanol petrol nationwide and 100% ethanol to over 4 million cars, It is a trend that is gathering momentum.

In a program initiated by the Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development in Stockholm, several Swedish universities, companies, and utilities are collaborating to accelerate the demonstration of the advanced EVGT for natural-gas firing, especially in small-scale units. A natural-gas-fired EVGT pilot plant (0.6 megawatts of power output for a simple gas-turbine cycle) should start operation in Lund, Sweden, in 1998.

·         AES Corporation is a leading company in biomass conversion internationally. At AES Kilroot in Northern Ireland, the team recently completed a successful trial to convert the plant to burn a mixture of coal and biomass. With further investment in the technology, nearly half of Northern Ireland’s 2012 renewable target could be met from AES Kilroot alone.

3.2 Aero industry–

 

Virgin Atlantic – Air transport is receiving increasing attention because of environmental concerns linked to CO2 emissions, air quality and noise. Virgin Atlantic in collaboration with Boeing and General Electric aircraft alternative fuels project for aircraft. A successful test flight from London to Amsterdam flight took place on 24th February of this year, running one of the four jumbo jet engines on a mixture of 20% coconut oil and babassu nut oil, with 80% conventional jet fuel. This fuel was specifically chosen due to its performance at low operating temperatures. The test was successful, with no noticeable difference in performance. Except that; imitation that biofuel mix used was in no way sustainable in the quantities required by the demands of the aviation industry. In a way to mitigate this Virgin is looking to us use of Algae based fuels as it is predicted that they may be suitable for use at low temperature.

 

3.3  Maritime industry 

 

The use of land based transportation, is growing, however the use for sea based transportation need to be explored. Biofuels  for ship will be advantageous. In recent UK pilot project where Buses are run on B100 Argent Energy (UK) Limited is working together with Stagecoach to supply biodiesel made by recycling and processing animal fat and used cooking oil. Marine engines with their inherent lower speed and more tolerant to burning alternative fuels than smaller, higher speed engines tolerance will allow them to run on lower grade and cheaper biofuels. Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines (RCCL) unveiled a palm oil-based biodiesel since 2005.Optimistic outcome of the trial made RCCL confident enough to sign a contract in August 2007 for delivery of a minimum 15 million gallons and for the four years after, a minimum of 18 millions gallons of biodiesel for its cruise ships fleet. The contract marked the single largest long-term biodiesel sales contract in the United States. In early 2007, United States Coast Guard indicated that their fleet will augment increase use of biofuels by 15% over the next four years. In the marine industry, beside energy substitute advantage, biolubricants and biodegradable oil  are particularly advantageous from an environmental and pollution perspective. Bio lubrication also offer higher viscosity, flash point and better technical properties such as increased sealing and lower machine operating temperature advantageous use in ship operation.

 

Time has gone when maritime industry could afford nitty gritty in adopting technology, other industry are already on a fast track preparing themselves technically for evitable changes driven by environmental problem, Global energy demands and political debate add further pressures to find alternative energy especially bio energy  because of hybridization of old and new system advantage it offer. The implication is that shipping could be caught ill prepared for any rapid change in demand or supply of biofuel. Thus this technology is in the early stages of development but the shipping industry need top be prepared for the impacts of its breakthrough because Shipping will eventually required be at the centre of this supply and demand logistics chain again. Table 3 shows the projection for the main present players.

 

Table3  – projection

 

Region

Growth (1990-1994)

Projection (2020)

United states

7%

15%

Europe

2%

15%

 

4.0 Sources of biomass

North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) region. Supply has classified biofuel into the following four type’s vizs: agricultural residues, energy crops, forestry residues, and urban wood waste/mill residues. A brief description of each type of biomass is provided below:

Agricultural residues from the remaining stalks and biomass material left on the ground can be collected and used for energy generation purposes this include residues of wheat straw and corn stover. Energy crops are produced solely or primarily for use as feedstocks in energy generation processes. Energy crops includes hybrid poplar, and switchgrass, grown on idled, or in pasture, and in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Forestry residues are composed of logging residues, rough rotten salvageable dead wood, and excess small pole trees. Urban wood waste/mill residues are waste woods from manufacturing operations that would otherwise be landfilled. The urban wood waste/mill residue category includes primary mill residues and urban wood such as pallets, construction waste, and demolition debris, which are not otherwise used.

The most important agricultural commodity crops being planted in the United States are listed in Table 4. Corn, wheat, and soybeans represent about 70 percent of total cropland harvested.

 

 

Table 6 shows representative characteristics for different subcategories of urban wood waste and mill residues.

 

5.0 Risk and Uncertainties

Although a significant amount of effort has gone into estimating the available quantities of biomass supply, the following risk and uncertainties that need to be incorporated into design and decision work on biodiesel use are:

Risk to land use – Our planet only have 295 land, for example Brazil has some 200 million acres of farmland available, more than the 46 million acres of land,  required to grow the sugarcane needed to satisfy the projected 2022 Evolving competing uses of biomass materials, the large market consumption, pricing and growing need. In agricultural waste, the impact of biomass removal on soil quality pose treat to agricultural residues that need to be left on the soil to maintain soil quality could result in significant losses of biomass for electric power generation purposes. Impact of changes in forest fire prevention policies on biomass availability could cause vegetation in forests to minimize the potential for forest fires could significantly increase the quantity of forestry residues available. Potential attempt to recycle more of the municipal solid waste stream might translate into less available biomass for electricity generation. Impact on the food production industry as witness in recent food scarcity crisis

5.1 Regulatory impact

 

The EU has stated that by 2020 a target of 20% of community wide energy will be renewable. Further to this, all member states are to achieve a mandatory 10% minimum target for the share of biofuels in transport petrol and diesel consumption by 2020.. The legislation provides a phase-in for biofuel blends, including availability of high percentage biofuel blends at filling stations.  The United States Congress passed the Renewable Fuels Standards (RFS) in February 2008, which will require 35 billion gallons of renewable and alternative fuels in 2022. In parallel to this, work is continuing to reduce emissions further in vehicles. Political drivers in Asia vary according to region. In Southeast Asia, the centre of world production for palm oil, coconut oil, and other tropical oils, political support for farming is the key driver.

 

The issue affecting shipping is whether to refine and use biodiesel locally, or export the unrefined oil for product production elsewhere. In the short term the economics have favored the exports of unrefined oil – which is good news for us. Over the next ten years, with the cost of oil rising, and strict emission reductions in place, the need for increased biofuel production is likely to increase. as well as creating a net positive balance fuel. According to the IEA, world biofuels demand for transport could increase to about 3% of overall world oil demand in 2015 and double by 2030 over the 2008 figure. This does not sound so significant but as we show later it has a significant impact on the specialist fleet capacity demand. As we said before, predicting the trade pattern of biofuels adds a layer of complexity to the overall  nergy supply picture and our oil distribution system.

 

We also believe that this forecast will be the minimum seen as the political pressures will cause the level to rise beyond 3%. To put the scale in context, the current oil tanker fleet of vessels 10,000 dwt or larger comprises of some 4,600 vessels amounting to 386 million dwt. These include about 2,560 Handysize tankers. Additionally, there are some 4,400 more small tankers from 1,000 to 10,000 dwt accounting for 16 million dwt. Our projections show a significant role for seaborne transport, even using conservative bases with high proportions of locally supplied biofuels. This is a significant fleet segment that poses technical and regulatory challenges. As we have discussed, the requirements cannot be fully defined because many market factors remain uncertain, but ship owners who are building new vessels or operating existing vessels should consider this future trade through flexible design options that we will introduce later.

 

 

5.3  Potential Impacts to Shipping

 

The key political drivers for biofuels are environmental concerns, energy security and agricultural policy. The tonne mile demand for future tankers will be greatly affected by national, regional or global policy and political decision making in these areas. There is a greater flexibility in the sourcing of biofuels than there is in hydrocarbon energy sources and this may be attractive to particular governments. Once the regulatory framework is clear, economics will determine how the regulations will best be met and seaborne trade will be at the centre of the outcome. In many parts of the world, environmental concerns are the leading political driver for biofuels. Reflecting these concerns, the global Kyoto Protocol, was negotiated in 1997, and this further provides a driver for the use of biofuels.

 

 

 

 

5.4  Shipping Routes and Economics Impacts

 

The above trend analysis discussed indicate potential capacity requirement from shipping, so far  North America, Europe and South East  Asia are the key importing regions where this growth is concentrated. This includes the Latin American counties of Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay and Southeast Asia’s Indonesia and Malaysia will remain key suppliers for the palm oil, Philippines and Papua New Guinea have potentials for vegetable oil and agricultural while Thailand has potential for sugarcane. This trade potential will determine future trade route from Malacca Straits to Europe, ballast to Argentina, to load soybean oil to China, and then make a short ballast voyage to the Malacca Straits, where the pattern begins again, a typical complicated fronthaul / backhaul combinations that can initiate, economies of scale need top reduce freight costs and subsequent push for bigger ship production and short sea services like recent experience of today’s tankers.  According to plateau case study the following regional impact can be deduced for shipping.

 

 

 

Biofuel

Demand

North America

ethanol

33 million tons

Europe

ethanol and biodiesel.: 50:50

30 million tons

Asia

ethanol and biodiesel.: 50:50

18 million tons

 

North America demand – policy work support biofuel use in the us and 32 Handysize equivalent tankers will be needed to meet US demand in 2015. with technological breakthrough there will be need for 125 vessel 2030.

 

European demand – Due to environmental requirement and energy security believed to be politically acceptable in the EU but economics may drive a different outcome.80 Handysizes with some due to the growth in trade and longer voyage distance.  With technological breakthrough for 2nd and 3rd generation biofuel growth will need growing to 145 in 2030 Aframax vessels if the technical issues can be overcome.

 

Asia demand  - In plateau case  50 Handysize equivalents are required in 2015 and 2030 with forecast vessel sizes being Handysizes with some Panamax vessels 162 vessels total in the three regions.

 

By adding up all the regions, with biofuels as only 3% of world transport demand, we are looking at a fleet of about 400 Handysize vessels to accommodate the demand and supply drivers by 2030 and 162 by 2015. The total vessel forecast for 2030 could means 2,560 vessels of 81 million deadweight tons.

 

As regions identify these growth markets and recognize the economies of $/tonne scale that can be achieved, as shown here, with bigger tonnage, we are seeing natural investment occurring. New port developments in concerned trade rout will be required to accommodate large Panamax vessel and parcel size for palm oil exports. on the long haul routes.

 

5.5  Biomass  Ship Technologies Impacts

Generation

A variety of methods could turn an age-old natural resource into a new and efficient means of generating electricity. biomass in large amounts is available in many areas, and is being considered as a fuel source for future generation of electricity. Biomass is by its nature both bulky and widely distributed and electricity from conventional, centralized power plants requires an extensive distribution network. Traditionally power is generated through centralized, conventional power plant, where biomass is transported to the central plant, typically a steam or gas turbine power plant, and the electricity is then distributed through the grid to the end users. Costs include fuel and transportation, power plant construction, maintenance, and operation, and distribution of the electric power, including losses in transmission.

 

 

Electrical efficiency

capacity

 biomass

thermal efficiency -40 %

$2,000 per kilowat

 

coal

45 %

$1,500 per kilowatt,

 

However, micro-biomass power generators located at the site of end-use seem to offer a path for new solution for energy. Recent development in towards use of micro biomass will equally offer best practice adaptation for marine power. Biomass is used at or near the site of end-use, with heat from external combustion converted directly to electricity by a biomass fired free-piston genset . Costs include fuel and acquisition and maintenance of the genset and burner. Since the electricity is used on site, both transmission losses and distribution costs are minimal. Thus, in areas without existing infrastructure to transmit power, there are no additional costs. In this case it is also possible to cogenerate using the rejected heat for space or hot water heating, or absorption cooling. Previously, option two has not been feasible, since there have been no small (less than ~50 kW) devices for directly and efficiently converting biomass energy to electricity. Micro-biomass power generation is a more cost-effective means of providing power than central biomass power generation. In particular, areas where there is a need for both power and heat – domestic hot water and space heat and absorption chilling – are attractive for cogeneration configurations of this machine. Biomass can be generated using single or ganged free-piston Stirling engines gensets. These micro-biomass generators offer a number of advantages over centralized biomass fueled power plants. They can be placed at the end-user location taking advantage of local fuel prices and do not require a distribution grid. They can directly provide electrical output with integral linear alternators, or where power requirements are larger they can be ganged and drive a conventional rotary turbine. They are hermetically sealed and offer long lives through their non-contact operation.

Biomass for electricity generation is treated in four ways in NEMS: (1) new dedicated biomass or biomass gasification, (2) existing and new plants that co-fire biomass with coal, (3) existing plants that combust biomass directly in an open-loop process,18 and (4) biomass use in industrial cogeneration applications. Existing biomass plants are accounted for using information such as on-line years, efficiencies, heat rates, and retirement dates, obtained through EIA surveys of the electricity generation sector.

Emissions offsets and waste reduction could help enhance the appeal of biomass to utilities  An important consideration for the future use of biomass-fired power plants is the treatment of biomass flue gases. Biomass-combustion flue gases have high moisture content. When the flue gas is cooled to a temperature below the dew point, water vapor starts to condense. By using flue-gas condensation, sensible and latent heat can be recovered for district heating or other heat-consuming processes; this increases the heat generation from a cogeneration plant by more than 30 percent.  Flue-gas condensation not only recovers heat but also captures dust and hazardous pollutants from flue gases at the same time. Most dioxins, chlorine, mercury, and dust are removed, and sulfur oxides are separated out to some extent. Another feature of flue gas condensation is water recovery, which helps solve the problem of water consumption in evaporative gas turbines.

 

Biomass open door for another way rather than competing with fossil fuel plants a substantial opportunity exists to generate micro-biomass electric power, at power levels from fractions of a kilowatts through to tens or hundreds of kilowatts, at the point of en d use. At these power levels neither small internal combustion engines, which cannot use biomass directly, nor reciprocating steam engines, with low efficiency and limited life, can offer the end user economic electric power. Free-piston Stirling micro biomass engine engines are an economic alternative. Stirling offers the following advantages over significantly larger systems:

Stirling machines have reasonable overall efficiencies at moderate heater head temperatures (~600ƒC) cogeneration is simple large amounts of capital do not have to be raised to build a single evaluation plant with its associated technical and economic risks A large fraction of the value of the engine alternator can be reused at the end of its life Stirling systems can be ganged with multiple units operating in parallel.

 

United States: 1996, P1-R96-STAB-00-NTH (Washington, DC, November 1996). l.

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Buying Crete Property is Becoming More Appealing

Neatly balanced on the border between the Aegean and Libyan seas, Crete offers one of the mildest and healthiest climates in Europe. Crete property currently attracts players from Eastern Europe, Scandinavia and Britain, now picking up extra buyers in the 40-50 age bracket who might otherwise have plumped for Spain. Charmed by the benefits Crete offers over the UK – better weather, lower cost of living, home grown food – most potential buyers of Crete property are looking to spend at least three to four months of the year on the island, seeing their investment as a good way to cut living costs.

The cost of living in Greece has actually risen by 4.9% since this time last year, according to the latest consumer price index, while its economy is only set to grow by 3% in 2008. Staples such as bread and pasta now cost 18 and 26% more respectively this year than last, a price hike Greek prime minister Karamanlis blames on the turbulent world economy.

But Crete still remains a vastly cheaper alternative to the UK – a couple can expect to achieve a good standard of living on an income of £12,000 a year. Crete property commands no rates if less than 150 square metres in total, while water bills and electricity and heating will cost £200 and £500 per annum respectively, says John Batty, managing director of Anglo-Greek agency Aegean Blue.

“Equally, Ctrete property prices are less, even in urban areas – buyers should expect to pay between €200,000 to €300,000 for holiday homes. With so much fruit, vegetables, oil, wine and meat produced on the island, most food costs are also very low.”

Long-term prospects for capital appreciation are also good, adds Robert Key, director of Cluttons’ Greek branch. ”Unlike Spain, there has been no crisis in the Crete property market. Planning permission is much stricter than in Spain (building within 50 metres of the coastline is now banned under new building regulations) so the great sprawling messes that many Spanish villages became will not be repeated in Greece.”

But the current world economic climate is likely to limit Crete property price growth to a minimum of 5% on the island in the short-term, Batty continues. “One spot likely to appreciate is anything located near and to the west of Chania, rather than in the east, particularly in the Apokoronas region where price rises were the sharpest in recent years.”

Chania, located on the island’s north-west coast, has long been a firm favourite with buyers, thanks to its seaside location and evocative mix of ancient buildings, revealing the town’s roots and history in an eclectic fusion of Byzantine, Venetian, Turkish and Greek styles. EasyJet’s recent decision to run weekly flights to Chania is testament to its growing popularity as a destination.

Still well preserved despite intensive German bombing during the second world war, renovation work to restore the town’s ancient streets and walls is afoot, while the east side of its old harbour is undergoing a chrysalis from ruined dockside to trendy, loft-style water hotspot.

One project worth keeping an eye on is Leptos Estates’ Canea Corniche scheme, a refurbishment of the island’s first olive oil treatment plant building, which was set up by a French chemist in the 1880s. Minutes away from the town’s old Ventian harbour, and located just west of the centre of the old part of Chania, the project is currently one of the few city centre schemes available in Crete, one of the few parts of the western world not suffering from an oversupply of apartments. Each of the 200 flats on offer will feature a sea view, while the site’s original features, two factory chimneys and a series of ovens, will be restored as part of a plan to create a small museum with artefacts and tools on the site’s original use. The finished product will be flanked by olive trees and landscaped gardens. Construction work on site is set to start in October, when prices for the Chania property will be released.

A more traditional project on offer is Leptos’s Aphrodite Villas scheme, a cluster of 64 villas and flats surrounding a communal pool, located just a few metres away from Pyrgos Psilonerou beach slightly to the west of Chania. Prices here start at €434,000 (£344,000) for a three-bedroom villa and €174,615 (£138,000) for a one-bedroom flat.

Heading west out of Chania into Maleme, Cybarco Real Estate Development has also recently launched the Maleme Project, a beach front development in the Platanias area made up of 16 two-bedroom flats and eight three-bedroom maisonettes located 17 kilometres out of the city. Each home has access to communal gardens and a central pool, while some maisonettes come with private pools, while the beach is located a few hundred metres away. Designed for both holiday home makers and permanent residents, the homes come with lots of storage space, making it a multi-purpose home and holiday let investment - rental returns in this area can be as much as €1,500 (£1,200) a week during high season.

Similarly, Cypraaegean Properties’ Artemis Gardens project in Maleme, a two-minute walk from the beach, is set around a series of landscaped gardens, bordered by orange trees and centred around a communal pool. A mix of 18 one and two-bedroom bungalows, townhouses and flats, the firm is currently guaranteeing rental incomes of 5% for two years. Prices range from €130,000 (£103,000) for a one-bedroom basement flat to €230,000 (£182,000) for a two-bedroom townhouse.

Buyers after Crete property renovation projects on the resale market (wrecks can still be purchased for as little as €35,000) have typically been put off by the difficulty of working through the island’s complex land ownership system, under which a single plot of land may have multiple owners who cannot all agree to sell. But now Greece has set up its own land registry, the process is set to get a lot simpler, says Key. “It’s now just as safe from an ownership point of view to buy resale property as new-build. A good lawyer and surveyor are necessary to check legal and technical details before the purchase is made. All property sales take place by signing a contract in the presence of two lawyers and a public notary. The contract is then deposited at the title and land registries under the name of the new owner.”

As a member of the European Union, Greece allows overseas buyers to buy in the country and live there permanently, although a visa and residence permit is required after three months, but only if you want to buy a car or obtain a Greek driving licence. Contact the Greek Embassy in London for further information.

Money matters
As the credit crunch continues to bite, it’s impossible for most buyers to even consider purchasing an overseas home without first having a mortgage offer in place. But help is at hand, with Greece’s banks offering a range of mortgages at favourable rates.

Leptos Estates offers loans with up to three years interest free credit for buyers who can cough up an initial down payment for off-plan properties, making stage payments throughout the construction process and then stumping up the final amount on completion. “But Greece has good banking facilities anyway, which have improved considerably in recent years,” says Christos Pateras, the firm’s marketing manager. “Most banks prefer to offer mortgages of between 75 and 80% of a property’s value, which are normally repaid over a maximum of 30 to 40 years, and are available to buyers up to the ages of between 70 and 75.”

Piraeus Bank UK (PBUK) currently offers packages with rates starting at 6% interest on repayment loans and collects sterling from the borrowers’ UK bank accounts, slashing costs for the buyer by converting the monthly instalments without charging commission, and offers market rates to help buyers convert the sterling amount of the Euro deposit required for purchase. Standard Piraeus packages offer loan to value rates of 80%, repayment mortgages with interest rates from 1.75% above the Euro Interbank Offered Rate (EURIBOR) for between five and 25 years, and interest-only mortgages of up to ten years. “Buyers must try to let their overseas home for at least some of the time to offset some mortgage and maintenance costs,” says Irini Tzortzoglou, PBUK’s head of retail banking. “Crete with its longest season and mature tourist market is one of the best locations in Europe for generating rental income.”

Most banks prefer to offer mortgages of between 75 and 80% of a property’s value, although some will happily lend up to 100%, adds Key. “There are a myriad of mortgages on offer with fixed-rate deals starting at about 3.7% and tracker mortgages starting at 5.25%. Several banks are also offering mortgages in Swiss Francs, starting at an interest rate of 2.46%, while it’s also possible to obtain mortgages in pounds sterling or dollars, which may be a good bet due to lower interest rates in these countries as a result of the currently economic situation.” 

Natalia Gameson for Homes Overseas – Search our extensive range of Crete”>http://www.homesoverseas.co.uk/property-for-sale-in-greece/crete-(kriti)/1158″>Crete property, read our Greece”>http://www.homesoverseas.co.uk/articles?tierid=1155″>Greece property articles offering independent expert advice about buying or investing in Crete property and browse our “>http://www.homesoverseas.co.uk/news?tierid=1155″> Greece property news.

Overseas property experts since 1965.

Electric Vehicles | Street Legal Electric Vehicles | Street Legal Electric Cars

Purchasing RC Car – Useful Tips For Beginners

Nowadays, kids and grownups alike have similar hobbies. Radio controlled cars are the latest buzz and everyone is rushing to the toy stores to purchase them. People find them enormously thrilling and a great way of spending free time.

There are two components to a radio-controlled car- the car itself and its radio controller. Some cars run on rechargeable batteries while some have batteries powered by gas engines. The ones powered by gas engines are costlier than the electric powered ones.

The different types of RC cars are the on-road and off-road vehicles, racing cars and touring vehicles, buggies and trucks. Also, there are a range of types, colors and size to choose from. The types of cars include Lamborghini, Porsche and Ferrari. You also have a choice between a truck or car type and an electric or powered engine.

There are 4 main parts to a radio-controlled vehicle – the motor(s), the power source, the transmitter and the receiver.

The transmitter, also the radio controller, is held in the hand and it is usually battery powered. Steering, and other commands that you make, are relayed by the transmitter to the receiver via radio frequency. The receiver in turn has two components – the antenna and the circuit board located within the car. It is responsible for receiving the frequencies from the transmitter and relaying them to the concerned part of the car.

There are different types of engines featured in radio-controlled vehicles. The motor is the most complex when it comes to assembling an RC car.

There are two versions to the radio controlled nitro powered motors- the 4-stroke version or the more common 2-stroke version. The 2-stroke motor which produces an amazing output of 2.5 hp, is the most popular. The high speed and breathtaking acceleration of this motor is loved by all RC racers.

The 2-stroked motor has a displacement engine of 23cc and it needs fuel oil mixture. It produces higher rpm’s and hence is more suited for car racing. The 4-stroke motor runs on straight fuel and contains an oil reservoir. It has better torque and power and is suitable for off-road purposes. It is applied in trucks that run on rough tracks and dirt.

If you want to run your car in your neighborhood then you will want to go for the quiet running electric car. Whereas if you want to make your presence on the racetrack you might want to choose the nitro-powered motors. When it comes to pickup, though electric motors have immense speed, the nitro-powered motors steal the show.

Though the initial cost of an electric RC car is much less than the expensive nitro powered vehicles, there are additional costs like battery charger, battery packs and other accessories. These costs, however, depend on the type of car and the kind of battery pack required. But it is advisable to purchase quality battery packs and charger if you want to cut down on repeated replacement of cheaper batteries.

The advantage of electric motors over nitro powered ones is that not much tuning of the engine is required and maintenance is low. It is also more suited for beginners as all they have to do is condition it and store the battery packs properly. This done, the car can run smoothly for years.

Additionally, there are two types available- ones without and ones with a pull start. The pull start version, though cheaper, needs a starter box.

Abhishek has a passion for Remote Control Cars and he has got some great RC Cars Secrets up his sleeves! Download his FREE 106 Pages Ebook, “Remote Control Cars Inside Out!” from his website http://www.Auto-Whiz.com/477/index.htm . Only limited Free Copies available.

Electric Vehicles | Street Legal Electric Vehicles | Street Legal Electric Cars

Electric Car Conversions

You may be interested in some different ways to power your car. Right now, the best way to power your vehicle is electric power.

Many people have actually converted there car into an electric vehicle themselves! This is also known as electric car conversions. You are probably thinking that you would need to be a car mechanic to perform a conversion like this. Well, actually you are wrong, with the step by step guide that Gas 2 Electricity provides, the average human can convert there car by themselves!

What do you need to start?

Gas 2 Electricity’s Step by Step Guide

A workspace- garage, shop or some similar place, or even your laneway.

Common tools available in most homes

A reliable helper for holding parts and lifting some heavy objects.

Particular models of cars work best for conversions, but any car can be converted. A list of the perfect car can be found on the Step By Step Guide. I personally think small cars work best.

After finding the vehicle you will use, you will need to take out the motor. The Step by step guide shows you exactly how to do this fast. It would be smart to get a car without an engine in it. This can be found on a car-lot or junkyard.

Once your DC electric car conversion is complete you will be extremely excited with a big smile on your face, especially when you drive by a gas station and don’t have to stop. With a range of over 100-200 miles and top speeds of 65 mph your electric car will drive just like any vehicle on the road, except- no gas!

More info….

 

15 Days/14 Nights Kenya Birding Wilderness Safari

DAY 01:

You will board your night flight bound for Nairobi, Kenya from Europe

DAY 02: NAIROBI NATIONAL PARK

A smooth flight will see you arrive at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport JKIA Nairobi at about 8.30 am and once through the formalities of immigration we collected our luggage and met our guides and good friends Joseph & Nico. Once outside the airport we introduce to you our drivers who will skilfully load your luggage’s into the vehicles. With most of us still trying to get our binoculars out of our hand luggage a Black-chested Snake Eagle flew over and several Red-winged Starlings and Little Swifts were spotted. No time to mess around we were straight into our great African safari. A short drive took us to the entrance to Nairobi National Park and the birding began. We will soon introduce ourselves to some of the commoner species such as Rufous Sparrow and Yellow-rumped Seedeater and as some of the group spotted their first Masai Giraffe from the washrooms the rest of us watched close Lesser Striped and Red-rumped Swallows. We will all took our positions in our respective vehicles, the roofs will be raised and into the park we head. Several Masai Giraffe towered over the open bush and our first Coke’s Hartebeest and Masai Ostrich will be seen. Huge Banded Martins put in an appearance and groups of Long-tailed Fiscals started to be seen everywhere. An enormous Lappet-faced Vulture set the raptor list rolling and then a pair of White-bellied Bustards. Continue on we soon notch up a few more Cisticolas with good views of Stout and Croaking. A group of Grant’s Gazelles paid no attention to us while nearby we all got good views of a pair of Short-tailed Larks. Our first Yellow-necked Spurfowl were seen right beside the track and groups of Northern Pied Babblers were noted. We worked our way along the dusty tracks towards our lunch time picnic spot. White-backed Vultures were easily seen as was Red-billed Quelea and then a Long-billed Pipit and a beautiful pair of Hildebrandt’s Starlings showing their stunning bright red eyes. Augar Buzzards soon to be common were found, Cape Buffalo were plentiful and an Olive Baboon was watched sat in a treetop. Along the roadside we found two Zebra Waxbills a Bronze Sunbird and reasonable views of a Quail-finch, while at our Picnic stop we were treated to a great meal and several new birds which could be watched in between bites. A male Cardinal Quelea posed for us as did a White-browed Scrub Robin and another Yellow-necked Spurfowl. With our lunch over we were on our way again. A nearby pool found us Black Crakes, a Malachite Kingfisher and a breeding male Holub’s Golden Weaver. In the scrub we watched a superb African Moustached Warbler amongst a group of Bronze Mannikins that also contained Common and Crimson-rumped Waxbills. On a distant tree a huge Grosbeak Weaver was found and as we moved on a nice adult Bateleur put in a brief appearance. Beside a reed bed we saw very close Grey-crowned Cranes and a Little Rush Warbler was enticed to show itself. Here on a small lake an African Darter was seen roosting beside Black-crowned Night Herons and nearby Black-headed Herons and a Hadada were spotted. Several Masai Giraffe gave us excellent close views and while watching these a few Red-billed Oxpeckers were found feeding on their backs. Continuing on through the park we arrived at a grassy mound where a pride of eight Lions sat just twenty feet in front of us. After admiring these ‘pussy cats’ we proceed to find more Cape Buffalo, smaller Thompson’s Gazelle, and some huge Eland. Amongst the birds that became to numerous to remember we found a Shelley’s Francolin and then a very good bird for the park, which was a Red-and-yellow Barbet, plus we had excellent views of a perched Eastern Pale-chanting Goshawk. On a tiny pond we found a Madagascar Squacco Heron as well as a gorgeous Three-banded Plover, Red-billed Teal and some Fischer’s Sparrow-larks. On another lake there were hundreds of Marabou Stork towering over the twelve Kittlitz’s Plovers at their feet. While other birds here included White-faced Whistling Ducks, Blacksmith Plovers, African Spoonbill, Long-tailed Cormorants and another Three-banded Plover. Raptors by now had included many Black-shouldered Kites, and a few Tawny Eagles. Speckled Mousebirds had become a common sight; two Striped Kingfishers were spotted as well as good numbers of Little Bee-eaters. On yet another pond we saw Wire-tailed Swallows and Black Saw-wings while a large tree held a couple of Helmeted Guineafowl. Amongst the Longclaws we saw a Pair of Yellow-throated and a single Rosy-throated. A close pair of Superb Starlings were then seen as was Red-cheeked Cordon Bleu, Red-billed Firefinch, and a Cinnamon-breasted Bunting. It was now getting late so we made our way back towards one of the gates in the park but not before looking at the first two of five Marsh Owls hunting over the grasslands. Dusty and tired it wasn’t long before we reached our accommodation where we cleaned up ready for our evening meal and first roll call of the tour.

DAY 03: NAIROBI – LAKE NAVAISHA

Everyone met at dawn for a couple of hours pre breakfast birding. We wandered slowly around the grounds of the academy and soon amassed a good list of birds. A family of Thompson’s Gazelles fed on the grass around the dining room and just outside we watched an immature Gabar Goshawk sat in a close tree while nearby a couple Spotted Thick-knees stood in the garden quite unconcerned by our presence. Following the path around the academy’s grounds we came across lots of Superb and a few Greater Blue-eared Starlings while in a grassy field sat a pair of Crowned Plovers and Hadadas had become commonplace. In the trees were Common Drongo and lots of nesting White-browed Sparrow-weavers while above us flew Rock Martins, Lesser-striped and Wire-tailed Swallows. A dead tree beside the path held a very confiding Grey Woodpecker at its nest hole and as we watched a pair of Brown Parrots came out of the same tree and promptly flew away. Down towards a small pond a Long-crested Eagle showed well as did a group of Dusky Turtle Doves. On the pond we watched a Malachite Kingfisher and Plain Martins before searching the small patch of trees behind. Here we tracked down a singing Dark-capped Yellow Warbler and after a bit of chasing around we all eventually got to see it. Moving on we found Pin-tailed Whydah, a better view of the warbler, a couple of Red-cheeked Cordon Bleus and Chinspot Batis. Nearby we had to work a little harder but soon everyone saw Brown Parisoma. As we carried on we walked a grassy track into a small area of scrub and open wood, here we saw a lot of birds with the best being Red-chested Cuckoo and a Red-throated Tit. Back outside the dining room while looking at three Spotted Thick-knees we then saw a Banded Parisoma, Cape Robin-chat, African Grey Flycatcher and a pair of Hildebrandt’s Starlings. The feeders around the building attracted lots of Scarlet-chested Sunbirds and looking at these little gems with the sunlight reflecting the intense red of their throat and upper breast almost made a few of us late for breakfast. After a delicious and varied start to the day we loaded the minibuses and set off towards Limuru our first designated stop. Once here we were soon out of the vehicles and setting our telescopes up to overlook a large shallow pond. There were several target species we needed to look for and it didn’t long to find both Maccoa and White-backed Ducks. A little more searching and we added Yellow-billed Duck, Southern Pochard, Hottentot Teal, lots of Red-knobbed Coots and Little Grebes. Below us on the waters edge we had good views of Lesser Swamp Warbler and some of the group saw single Striated and Madagascar Squacco Herons. A close African Stonechat looked really nice and behind us on a bank were a Hunter’s Cisticola, and Baglafecht Weaver. Leaving this productive pond behind us we continued on our way. A couple of roadside stops found us a very confiding Mountain Buzzard and then a Cape Wagtail.

Our next proper stop miles off the beaten track was a lovely area of mid elevation mountain forest. We parked in a clearing, which soon became a hive of activity. On the grass in front of us we watched Olive Thrushes and then we found Montane White-eyes, Black-backed Puffback and a family of White-eyed Slaty Flycatchers. A little more work and we notched up Montane Oriole, Brown-capped Weaver, Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird, a pair of Fine-banded Woodpeckers, a Cardinal Woodpecker and a pair of Black-throated Apalis. This area was just great for birds! African Hill Babblers showed well as did Tropical Boubou and a Chestnut-throated Apalis. A stunning White-starred Robin posed nicely for us just before we stopped and ate our picnic lunches. After lunch we went onto a track and soon had excellent views of a pair of Black-collared Apalis, a Brown Woodland Warbler and two Ruppell’s Robin Chats. Further along an African Dusky Flycatcher was found as well as a Thick-billed Seedeater, Yellow-whiskered Greenbul, Grey Apalis, and Northern Double-collared Sunbirds. We carried on walking along the track and into the forest where a group of noisy Black-and-white Colobus Monkeys were found before we tracked down a pair of Black-fronted Bush-shrikes with both red and yellow phase birds being seen. Nearby a White-tailed Crested Flycatcher was eventually seen well, after which we slowly made our way back towards the vehicles. Here we tried several times to see a singing Evergreen Forest Warbler and only at our third attempt did we get views for most of the group. What a skulker! Leaving here we set off towards Lake Navaisha. A short diversion along the way found us Mountain Wagtail and then on an area of farmland we had a Capped Wheatear and some less impressive Cape Rooks. We tried to access an area of grassland but recent rains made the road impassable, it was like a muddy ice-ring. We had to turn around and made the best of it by searching an area of similar habitat where we found up to thirty Black-winged Plovers and both Grassland and Plain-backed pipit. It was time to leave so we headed to Lake Navaisha and the Lake Navaisha Country Club Hotel arriving here in the dark.

DAY 04: LAKE NAVAISHA

We were woken this morning by the wonderful call of African Fish Eagles echoing from the nearby lake. On the way to breakfast as we crossed the lush grounds of the lodge, noisy Hadadas flew down from the trees and Black-lored Babblers hoped around outside the cabins. A Common Zebra was also spotted and looked somewhat out of place at the back of the grounds. After breakfast we met up and made our way to the jetty ready for our morning boat trip on Lake Navaisha. As we walked across the lodges grounds Defassa Waterbuck came onto the lawns to feed. From the jetty a fine collection of birds were soon notched up including Giant, Malachite and lots of Pied Kingfishers, Great and Long-tailed Cormorants, Spur-winged Plovers and African Spoonbills.

A pair of African Fish Eagles looked at us from their close perch and elegant looking African Pied Wagtails ran around the jetty. Several Grey-backed Fiscals then posed for us before we boarded our two boats and set off around the edges of the lake. A close Yellow-billed Stork was the first of many as was the Pink-backed Pelican floating in the water beside it. As we slowly cruised beside the reed beds, heron and duck species were seen everywhere. Several waders were new for the trip and these including Greenshank, Wood Sandpiper, Black-tailed Godwit and Ruff. There were lots of Lesser Swamp Warblers flitting around and then the giant of all herons a Goliath was spotted. Purple and Squacco Herons became common place and Whiskered and a single Gull-billed Tern were found. Above us, we had to work through the many swifts to find Little, Nyanza and Horus. A Purple Swamphen was seen while many White-bearded Gnu, Common Waterbuck, Common Zebra and Impala fed in the distance. A large rounded Hippo was spotted feeding out of the water and nearby a huge Saddle-billed Stork showed to us better than a very distant one seen earlier. On an area of mud we got excellent close views of three Long-toed Plovers and a single Kittlitz’s Plover before it was time to turn around and head back to the lodge. Back on the jetty and we enjoyed superb close views of four Grey-rumped Swallows that Martin had just spotted, while nearby on the scrubby bushes were several beautiful looking White-fronted Bee-eaters. Returning to our cabins we collected our luggage together and met up at the minibuses to find that one had got some electrical problems that needed fixing.

An extended look around the lodge grounds helped pass the time. A calling Black Cuckoo was the first bird we tracked down and although easily heard it took some spotting! A Klaas’s Cuckoo then gave us the run around until we finally got it scoped at the top of a tree. Just outside the front of reception we watched Green Wood-hoopoes another Black Cuckoo and later a Red-chested Cuckoo. Spectacled Weaver and White-browed Robin-Chat were found as well as a pair of Amethyst Sunbirds, Red-headed Weaver, Black Cuckoo-shrike and African Black-headed Oriole. With our minibus now fixed we set off and drove to a small rocky gorge. A roadside stop just before here produced a couple of Pale Flycatchers, a stunning male Red-headed Weaver and a Golden Breasted Bunting.

Moving on we got to the gorge and soon located our target species of Schalow’s Wheatear followed by a pair of Wailing Cisticolas. Our stomachs told us it must be time for our picnic lunch and as we ate, both Tawny-flanked Prinia and Grey-backed Camaroptera were spotted. Back on board the buses it was now time to set off on the drive towards Lake Baringo. We passed by wonderful views of the Great Rift Valley and a significant change in habitat took us into dry thorn scrub. A roadside stop soon made us realise that the outside temperature had increased somewhat. While stretching our legs we found a pair of Brown Parrots and a smart little Red-faced Crombec. Continuing on our first Kirk’s Dikdik was seen running across the road followed by a large Leopard Tortoise which did the same but slower. Nearly to our lodge and we made a quick stop beside some open scrub where Black-headed Plovers were easily seen, a Silverbird showed well sat on a wire and our first Red-billed Hornbill’s and White-bellied Go-away Birds were spotted. A Beautiful Sunbird was then seen as we finished the last part of the journey soon arriving at the Lake Baringo Country Club. After a welcome drink we were all shown to our cabins. We also spotted a huge Verreaux’s Eagle-owls at in a tree just twenty feet away. What views! When everyone had settled in we met up and went straight to the tree where all of us enjoyed excellent views of a pair of these magnificent owls, including one bird which was watched eating a hedgehog. Woodland Kingfisher and a variety of weavers including Jackson’s Golden-backed and Little. A group of Rufous Chatterers played around in a tangled bush as we walked out towards the lake where a nice looking Nubian Woodpecker worked its way around a dead tree. Beside the lake we searched the reed beds and found two Goliath Herons, a flying Little Bittern and several Bishops that included Orange and Yellow-crowned. An excellent day over we returned to our rooms and then met for a superb meal set out in the gardens of the lodge.

DAY 05: LAKE BARINGO

This morning we were up at dawn for some pre-breakfast birding. As we made our way to the minibuses we passed by lots of birds in and around the gardens. There were now three Verreaux’s Eagle Owls sat in a tree and lovely Northern White-crowned Shrikes and Woodland Kingfishers to be seen while a white morph African Paradise Flycatcher flew elegantly around the buses parked beside the entrance to the lodge. We then set off towards the nearby cliffs. The first stop just outside the lodge was for a Hunter’s Sunbird feeding in a bush with two Beautiful Sunbirds. Along the way we stopped again as two Abyssinian Scimitar-bills flew across the road and while looking for these we found a Red-fronted Warbler and several Madagascar Bee-eaters, Blue-naped Mousebirds, a lovely pair of Dark-chanting Goshawks and a little further along a pair of African Pygmy Falcons and a single Ethiopian Swallow. Parking near to the cliffs we got out and had a good walk around. A Hemprich’s Hornbill showed well soon followed by our first Jackson’s Hornbill. Fan-tailed Ravens flew above us and White-rumped Swifts were also seen. Several Black-throated Barbets then put in an appearance and a Lanner Falcon showed particularly well sat on a branch sticking out from the cliff face.

Amongst the boulders strewn around at the base of the cliff we found a Brown-tailed Rock-Chat and then another of our sought after target birds a very attractive Cliff-Chat. Up to four Eastern Violet-backed Sunbirds showed well and excellent views were had of Bristle-crowned Starlings. We returned back to the lodge for breakfast after which we met by the jetty for a boat trip along the lake edge. A Crocodile lying on the end of the jetty smiled at us and invited us to enter its territory. This we did cruising slowly along the reedy edge of this immense lake. A Little Bittern flew by and huge Goliath Herons were easily seen. Both Yellow-crowned and Orange Bishop showed themselves in full breeding colours while our target species, a couple of Allen’s Gallinules were eventually seen by everyone. Moving to another area of the lake birds seen included plenty of Madagascar Bee-eaters, a very confiding Goliath Heron and a few Yellow-billed Storks. As we got back towards the jetty we drifted closely past a group of Hippos that sniffed and snorted while keeping a close eye on us. A short siesta was taken before lunch after which we set off towards the cliffs again. A roadside stop soon had us walking around the dry open scrub where we watched a couple of Plain Prinia’s, Yellow-vented Eremomela, White-bellied Canaries, a Brubru, African Grey Flycatchers and two Somali Tits. Moving on we stopped when three raptors were spotted. We got out and enjoyed fabulous views as these Brown Snake-eagles circled overhead. Our next stop was for one of the specialities we were hoping to find this afternoon and after following our local guide into the scrub we were soon enjoying the most fantastic views of a pair of Heuglin’s Coursers.

Nearby an African Hoopoe was seen before we drove along a track to a small and very out of way gorge. Here we took a short walk to the top where we got temporarily distracted by a female Violet-backed Starling and a Blue-capped Cordon Bleu. Looking down into the gorge we were soon rewarded with views of a roosting Spotted Eagle-owl. Fantastic! Wonderful scenic views from here were then made better with excellent views of Little Bee-eater, Pygmy Falcon and a Speckle-fronted Weaver. Moving on we stopped as a Verreaux’s Eagle flew along the cliff top beside us and then in another non descript scrubby area we followed our guide who then showed us two different Slender-tailed Nightjars roosting on the ground. A Pygmy Batis flew in and was seen well before we made our way to the next stop. A short walk here had us overlook a muddy pool where we saw Hammerkops and a Grey-headed Kingfisher. Nearby a Bee-hive in a tree proved excellent as we watched two Scaly-throated Honeyguides and both Lesser and Greater Honeyguide all beside each other.

Further along we had fabulous views of our third owl species for the day a pair of roosting Northern White-faced Scops-owls. Another Cliff-Chat was seen as well as several Jackson’s Hornbills and then a very confiding pair of Red-fronted Tinkerbirds. We got back to the minibuses and then drove back to the lodge where we finished off the day with a look at a pair of nesting Red-fronted Barbets. A Nubian Woodpecker was also seen and then the half of the group that were left got to see a pair of Bearded Woodpeckers. After our evening meal and check list we watched as several Hippos walking through the hotel grounds. A little less intimidating though was the White-winged Tomb Bats that frequented the trees around our cabins.

DAY 06: KAKEMEGA

We had an early breakfast and then set off on our journey towards the Kakemega rain forest. We hadn’t gone more than a couple of miles when an African Cuckoo was spotted sat on a telegraph wire. Further on a short stop was made beside a river bridge where we saw Black-and-white Cuckoo, good comparisons of Little and Horus Swifts and then excellent views of both Pearl-spotted Owlet and White-crested Helmet-shrikes. Continuing on, a few more inevitable roadside stops produced birds such as Crowned Hornbill’s, a Little Rock Thrush and Purple Grenadier. Stopping on top of a high valley we searched around finding several Long-billed Pipits, Cinnamon-breasted Bunting and very good looks at Stripe-breasted Seedeater and Boran Cisticola. A few African Black Swifts flew over after which we tried another area a bit further along the road. Another Stripe-breasted Seedeater, which is a really difficult species to find, was seen, and then some of the group saw Brown Snake-eagle, and Violet-backed Starling, while we all saw Black-crowned Tchagra. Our first real stop after passing through some very impressive scenery was a superb well forested valley. Here we took a short walk and were soon finding new species. An incredibly bright Sulphur-breasted Bush-shrike showed well soon followed by Red-faced Crombec and the stunning Black-headed Gonolek. A group of White-bellied Tits were found along with d’Arnaud’s Barbet and then a Western Banded Snake-eagle sat in a tree being mobbed by a White-headed Barbet. Moving along we followed the call of one of our target birds and were eventually rewarded with excellent views of two White-crested Turacos. A Double-toothed Barbet then showed on the same tree and nearby we watched White-fronted Bee-eaters and an African Grey Hornbill fly over. As we returned we checked some field edges and came up with Spot-flanked Barbet, an African Pygmy Kingfisher, Village Indigobird, Black-winged Red Bishop and several White-headed Saw-wings. Still not quite back to the minibuses we added a few more species including a Common Scimitar-bill, Lead-coloured Flycatcher, White-headed Buffalo-weavers and some Brown Babblers. Once aboard our buses we continued on our journey. Our next stop beside a reedy overgrown pool didn’t look very special, but it soon proved to be very special indeed! Without moving more than fifty feet we saw a couple of Ross’s Turacos, Cinnamon-breasted Bee-eaters and then Double-toothed Barbet, excellent views of Red-faced Cisticola and a pair of Purple-throated Cuckoo-shrikes. After glimpsing some honeyguides we moved around and got to see two Lesser Honeyguides and with them a Pallid Honeyguide. A pair of Grosbeak Weavers showed well as did Grey-capped Warbler, Black-crowned Waxbills and several Black-and-white Mannikins. Along with Thick-billed Seedeater, Tropical Boubou and Blue-spotted Wood-dove this proved to be yet another marvellous stop. Continuing on we pulled over to look at a pair of White-naped Ravens feeding beside the road. What enormous bills they had! As we got nearer to the Rondo Retreat Centre set in the Kakemega rain forest the first minibus were lucky to see a Great Sparrowhawk sat in the middle of the road. We then pulled in to our fabulous lodgings set amongst some beautiful gardens. What perfect timing! We settled into our rooms and then met in the dining room where we all enjoyed our first Rondo meal which proved to be delicious and well presented.

DAY 07: KAKEMEGA

We were up at dawn for an early breakfast after which couldn’t resist looking for a few species within the gardens. We must have counted around thirty huge Black-and-white-casqued Hornbills flying noisily overhead and then on a large sunlight tree in the gardens we scoped African Green Pigeons and a Green-throated Sunbird. In a closer tree we all got excellent scope views of a Southern Hyliota, a Grey-headed Negrofinch and then a few Bronze Sunbirds. We then jumped into the minibuses and drove just five minutes from our lodge. Stopping for a Red-headed Bluebill which was in the road, Joseph heard an illadopsis so we all got out and enjoyed some great birding. A Brown Illadopsis was soon tracked down and everyone got some sort of view of it. Other birds found included a Buff-spotted Woodpecker, followed by a pair of Pink-footed Puffbacks, Square-tailed Drongos, Dark-backed Weavers, Luhder’s Bush-shrike, Chestnut Wattle-eye and a selection of greenbul’s which included Yellow-whiskered, Cameroon Sombre and Joyful. Excellent scope views were then had of two really good canopy species, a rare Hairy-breasted Barbet and a tiny Turner’s Eremomela. A couple of Banded Prinia’s showed very well and a few other species from our roadside stop included Black Cuckoo, Least Honeyguide, Olive Sunbird, Yellow White-eye and Black-billed Weaver. Moving on from here we stopped at the house of Wilberforce a local guide and expert on the Kakemega rain forest. Outside of his house we were soon watching a pair of Petit’s Cuckoo-shrikes and a very energetic African Blue Flycatcher. David found a showy Brown-crowned Tchagra while several White-chinned Prinia’s flitted about and then three White-headed Wood-hoopoes flew over. Slender-billed Greenbul was then added to our ever growing greenbul list, soon followed by Little Greenbul, a hybrid Paradise Flycatcher and good looks of both Equatorial Akalat and Snowy-headed Robin-chat. A Uganda Woodland Warbler was found singing and a side track found us African Thrush and Brown-chested Alethe feeding in the grass. From here we took a walk to an area know as the pump house. As soon as we entered this part of the forest we found Green Hylia, Cabanis’s Greenbul and a Grey-throated Barbet which showed off its strange erect tufts at the base of its bill. Carefully walking the narrow muddy trails of this excellent forest a Red-tailed Monkey was spotted and then we got good views of one of the hardest greenbuls the Toro Olive. High in the canopy a couple Stuhlmann’s Starlings were found and then again high up were two very attractive Yellow-spotted Barbets. A few Unstriped Ground Squirrels diverted our attention, but not for long as a Buff-throated Apalis and Little Grey Greenbul were spotted and posed nicely for us. A little further along we got neck ache looking at a pair of Red-headed Malimbes in a tree top above us. As we watched it became apparent that they actually had a nest. Not far from here we all scoped an African Shrike-flycatcher and then walking back out of the wood to a clearing Nico in our group found a superb immature Emerald Cuckoo which showed very close. As we made our way to the buses a Western Banded Snake-eagle was seen perched on a dead tree. It was time for lunch so we returned to our tranquil retreat. Once we had eaten, several of the group took a look around the gardens which being midday were rather quiet. A Great Blue Turaco was sat on its nest but we could only manage views of its tail and its beak. Once assembled for the afternoons birding and just before getting ourselves back onto the buses we all managed to see a Grey-green Bush-shrike. Driving back to the forest and parking by the research centre it was only a few minutes before we were watching a Honeyguide Greenbul high in the canopy.

Following Wilberforce into the forest we soon located a couple of Chestnut Wattle-eyes and then I spotted a White-tailed Antthrush sunning itself right out in the open. In a clearing we could see a group of Scarce Swifts flying above us while a little further along was a Blue-headed Bee-eater flycatching from a dead branch. As the clouds darkened and spits of rain began to fall we found and scoped a Chapin’s Flycatcher high in the canopy and a Western Black-headed Oriole was then seen in the same spot while lower down near the ground a couple of Red-tailed Bristlebills surprised us by allowing good views. We walked back to the buses but the rain never seemed to really get going so we decided to walk out to the pump house area again. In a small field we saw an African Pygmy Kingfisher which posed nicely for us on a small bush.

Back in the wood a Dusky Crested-flycatcher showed briefly while deeper in the wood we all got excellent looks at a very smart Yellow-billed Barbet. In another area of forest we found a Shelley’s Greenbul and then watched it singing. Nico then got a recording of it, because as far as we knew it had never been heard before and was thought to be silent. Leaving the forest we headed back and tried to look for a Mackinnon’s Fiscal which had been seen by a couple of the group earlier. As we unsuccessfully searched, compensation was had as a Great Sparrowhawk was seen by a few to fly past.

DAY 08: LAKE VICTORIA- KAKEMEGA

Today we had to be up early so as to get to Lake Victoria before the sun got up. A picnic breakfast and lunch was taken with us and after a long drive we arrived at our first stop which was a small fishing village. Three boats were organised and we were soon paddled out together along the edge of the Papyrus where Northern Brown-throated and Slender-billed Weavers were easily seen along with our first views of a Papyrus Gonolek. A Little Bittern was also found and then a few Greater and Lesser Swamp Warblers. We managed to see a couple of Carruthers’s Cisticolas before being paddled out to an area of lilly pads. Here were lots of African Jacanas and hundreds of Whiskered Terns with just a few White-winged and Gull-billed amongst them. Returning along the edge of the lake we got better views of Papyrus Gonoleks, but frustratingly we only got to hear White-winged Warbler. Back on the jetty an African Openbill Stork was seen with a small Nile Monitor sat on a rock in front of it. We then drove to some nearby washrooms and while here we had good views of Black-billed Barbet, Red-chested Sunbirds, a Village Indigobird and both White-browed and Blue-headed Coucals. Just a short distance from here in a scrubby roadside area we got fantastic close views of more Red-chested Sunbirds and a gorgeous pair of Golden-winged Sunbirds. A few of the group saw a Papyrus Canary, but we all got onto a Fan-tailed Widowbird and in a more open area a confiding Water Thick-knee.

A nightjar was then flushed and after landing just a short distance away we relocated it and identified it as a Slender-tailed, apparently way out of its normal range. Above us we watched a Shikra and then an Abdim’s Stork. Back to the washrooms, which were actually a lakeside café; we had our picnic lunches and a few cool drinks. In the grounds were two Eastern Grey Plantain-eaters and a good selection of previously seen birds that including an African Fish Eagle and Black-headed Gonolek.

After a relaxed lunch we found a Black-billed Barbet and then returned to the nearby area of scrub where everyone got good views of Yellow-backed Weavers and the race of White-bellied Canary (S. d. dorsostriatus) without the white belly! Moving on we drove to a nearby hotel and after gaining permission we searched their gardens and eventually saw a Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird and a Little Purple-banded Sunbird. Leaving here our next stop was on the main road overlooking an area with a few paddyfields and stands of corn. Near to a group of Hadada and an Open-billed Stork we found three Wattled Plovers and a Copper Sunbird which flew in and showed well although only briefly. Over the next forty five minutes we found a male Yellow-mantled Widowbird of the Yellow-shouldered race and then we had Southern Red Bishops, Black-winged Red Bishop and the larger Black Bishop. We decide it was time to get out of the heat and headed back to the cooler temperature of Kakemega. Along the way we stopped for a pair of Northern Black Flycatchers and even saw one bird go to its nest. Driving along the road towards Rondo Retreat a stop was made so as we could walk a nice section within the rain forest. Quiet at first it soon picked up with Collared Sunbird, Yellow White-eye, Pink-legged and Luhder’s Bush-shrikes, Least Honeyguide and a Common Wattle-eye. It took us a little time to get everyone to see a male Jameson’s Wattle-eye, but it was worth it as it was a fabulous little bird. Nearby Michael found an immature Emerald Cuckoo and shortly after we had close views of an adult. Next were a Toro Olive Greenbul and then a male Buff-throated Apalis and a flighty group of Dusky Tits. It then started to rain which was actually rather pleasant.

Continuing a little further in the minibuses we then got out and enjoyed fabulous close views of a pair of Chubb’s Cisticolas. The rain then got harder so we got into our vehicles and drove on. Only a short distance from Rondo the rain stopped and we got out to look at a puddle in the road. An Equatorial Akalat was bathing and then as we watched a mythical bird appeared, it was a skulking Grey-chested Illidopsis that came out of the forest and bathed in the same puddle allowing everyone to scope this incredibly difficult and seldom seen bird. Several Brown-chested Alethes joined it while above us Black and White-headed Saw-wings flew around. An excellent end to another good day we returned to our lodge in time for another superb evening meal.

DAY 09: KAKAMEGA

After an early breakfast we took a stroll around the gardens. In the tall trees were Southern Hyliota and four Turners Eremomelas as well as three Black and white Colobus Monkeys and sunbirds that included Green and Green-throated. A look at the Great Blue Turacos nest gave us no better views than before with just the tail visible. Moving on to one of the short woodland trails we walked into the forest and here beside a small rocky stream Kevin in our group spotted a superb Grey-winged Robin which after initially keeping well hidden showed to us all. There was a Brown Illidopsis working its way through the leaf litter on the far bank and just a little further along some of the group managed to see a much more elusive Scaly-breasted Illidopsis. Our next challenge was to locate a calling White-spotted Flufftail so we walked back to the small stream and tried to entice it in. We never saw it but above us a Great Blue Turaco showed very well. We then tried another two areas for the flufftail and were eventually rewarded with fantastic views of a male bird sat fifteen feet in front of us in full view on a muddy bank; Fantastic!

After watching this stunning little bird we headed back to the minibuses and set off to another area of this wonderful rain forest. The track that we had to drive down got muddier the further we went, until eventually the buses became stuck. While Simon and John put on some mud chains we birded the track. Several Collared Sunbirds were found soon followed by Little and Black-billed Weavers, Luhder’s Bush-shrike, Equatorial Akalat, Olive-green Camaroptera and Grey-throated Barbet. We had to work a little harder before everyone got to see a Blue-shouldered Robin-chat and later three Chubb’s Cisticolas performed well. With the vehicles now out of the mud and fitted with tyre chains we turned around and drove back to an area of forest called the ‘Zimmerman plot’. With Wilberforce leading we entered the forests maze of trails. It wasn’t long before a group of Dusky Tits were found and while watching these we got excellent views of another ery rare Hairy-breasted Barbet. A Red-headed Malimbe showed particularly well as did Green-headed Sunbird. On another narrow trail we watched a Dusky-crested Flycatcher while some of the group got there second chance to see Scaly-breasted Illidopsis. It was time to complete the forests list of greenbuls and this we did in style with good views of Ansorge’s, followed later by Cabanis’s Greenbul. A Jameson’s Wattle-eye was then spotted by a few and then another bird heard calling way into the forest was tracked until excellent views were had of West Kenya’s rarest wattle-eye the Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye. We then searched everywhere trying to find Bar-tailed Trogon but were unsuccessful. Another Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye was found though! Both Blue and Red-tailed Monkeys were seen before we left the forest to check the nearby gardens around the environmental resource centre buildings where a pair of Grey-green Bush-shrikes were found and we got stunning views of a Mackinnon’s Fiscal.

It was now time for lunch so we returned to Rondo. Afterwards we met up and enjoyed watching one of the Great Blue Turacos sat in a tall tree. A Vieillot’s Black Weaver was then spotted singing, and after watching this we boarded our minibuses and set off towards Busia. An African Harrier-hawk was seen from the bus and shortly after we stopped at a river bridge where numerous Little Swifts could be seen and heard swirling around just below us. The target bird here was a pair of Angola Swallows which were then seen nesting under an open roof. After another drive we arrived at our second river bridge and after walking down to view the rocks in this fast flowing river we enjoyed super looks at three Rock Pratincoles, a superb bird! A Bar-breasted Firefinch was then seen as well as good numbers of Angola Swallows. Continuing on another 20km we stopped beside a smaller river this time. A couple of Black-shouldered Kites sat in a tree as a flock of Cardinal Quelea and some very good views of Copper Sunbirds were had. An adult and an immature Senegal Coucal showed reasonably well as did several Olive-bellied Sunbirds. Joseph then found us a very scarce bird, an Orange-tufted Sunbird which we all saw just ten feet away, but only briefly. Just a short distance up the road we checked another area and here David found a pair of Red-headed Lovebirds which everyone got to see well. With huge black clouds moving towards us we finished of the day with a couple of Yellow-throated Longclaws and an African Pygmy Kingfisher. The rains came and we ran back to the minibuses and set off back to Rondo and a very welcome evening meal.

DAY 10: KAKAMEGA – L. NAKURU.

This mornings early breakfast was followed by a quick look around the gardens which produced Southern Hyliota again! There were a couple of Mosque Swallows on a dead tree, the Great Blue Turaco was seen and we had excellent looks at an Olive Pigeon. Driving a short distance to where the road passed through the rain forest we got out of our vehicles and were greeted by the call of a Pale-breasted Illadopsis. By walking a narrow trail into the forest we managed to see two of these little skulkers. A Black-faced Rufous Warbler was then found by David and most of the group saw it well. Those that never caught up with it were lucky when another two showed better on the other side of the road. A few other birds were also seen but we had specific targets this morning so we moved on. A quick stop was made in an open area where a pair of Yellow-throated Leaf-loves were seen very well sat in the sunlight. After quite some time we located a pair of Bar-tailed Trogons deep in the forest, here I set the scope up for everyone to enjoy the stunning male bird. Leaving this magical forest we made our way back to Rondo where we packed everything together, and set off on the long drive to Nakuru. A short stop beside a stream where numerous butterflies were coming down to the muddy edges managed to get us excellent views of a Green Sunbird which can often be difficult as it is a Canopy species.

A roadside stop just after lunch time at a marshy lake then found us two new species including the very localised Levaillant’s Cisticola and a Tacazze Sunbird. containing hundreds of Speckled Pigeons also had two Tawny Eagles in it and then a Lanner shot through and tried to take out one of the pigeons. We were soon at the entrance gate to Nakuru National Park and while some of us made use of the washrooms several new species were found. A group of Arrow-marked Babblers were first followed by Green Wood-hoopoes, Common Scimitar-bill, a nice Diederik Cuckoo and a Speke’s Weaver. Black-faced Vervet Monkeys were common and as we drove into the park a troop of Olive Baboons were passed.

With our roofs up and everyone positioned for action we slowly made our way through the woodland. Amongst the first birds we saw were a pair of Hildebrandt’s Francolins walking along the road in front of us. Barry then spotted a fantastic looking Red-throated Wryneck which gave us great views and then amazingly was joined by a second bird which it displayed to and then mated with. A little further along we came across a group of the threatened and near endemic Grey-crested Helmet-shrikes. After superb views of these we moved on to a more open area. Here we saw lots of Northern Anteater Chats and then a Long-crested Eagle followed by a group of Cut-throats, Pin-tailed Whydah and the display flights of several tiny Pectoral-patch Cisticolas. Nico then found a couple of Red-capped Larks which we all saw alongside a Plain-backed Pipit. From here we drove to the edge of Lake Nakuru and in front of us was what has been described as one of nature’s greatest spectacles.

Over a million Lesser Flamingos made the edges of the lake look an int ense pink as far as the eye could see. It’s just a pity that photos cannot do it justice. Amongst the Lesser Flamingos were a few Greater, while along the lake edges we saw an African Fish Eagle and lots of dainty Kittlitz’s Plovers. Great White Pelicans and Marabou Storks were numerous and looked magnificent flying over the mass of noisy flamingos. Further along we got out of the buses, set up the scopes and proceeded to search through the groups of wading birds. Curlew Sandpipers were fairly numerous and a few little Stints were found hiding amongst them. We then had Ruff, Greenshanks and Black-winged Stilts but pride of place went to David when he found a full breeding plumage Dunlin the fifth record ever for Kenya and only the sixth record for the whole of East Africa. Amongst the other birds we spotted were Sacred Ibis, Yellow-billed Storks, African Spoonbills and a lovely pair of Cape Teal. Mammals were well represented and included Defassa Waterbuck, Common Zebra, Grant’s and Thompson’s Gazelle’s and Impala. Leaving the lake we drove back into the forest and along a narrow road we watched as a single Lioness crossed and then disappeared into thick cover. With the light beginning to fade a Martial Eagle was spotted perched in a close tree, we all had excellent views of this bird before driving to our lodge which overlooked the lake. After our meal and log call we all set off to our cabins. Kathy then managed to find a few of us and took us to see a superb Little Rock Thrush roosting under the roof of their cabin.

DAY 11: LAKE NAKURU – MT KENYA

After an early breakfast we set off on a drive through the park. It was a surprisingly chilly to start with but the sun was coming up. As we drove along we passed through an area of tall trees and here we found one of our target species a pair of Levaillant’s Cuckoos. A little further on amongst the long grass we counted up to 30 Jackson’s Widowbirds along with a few Long-tailed Widowbirds several Yellow Bishops and then a couple of Masai Ostrich. Down beside a small pool we found a pair of Striped Kingfishers and on a distant bush another male Long-tailed Widowbird was seen. Another small pool held some distant waders that included Marsh Sandpipers and a Spotted Redshank. As we went out onto the open grasslands mammals became more obvious with lots of Cape Buffalo, Impala, Grant’s and Thompson’s Gazelles.

We had fabulous close looks at a family group of White Rhino and also saw a few Warthogs. Northern Anteater-chats were seen everywhere and while stopping to look at several very close individuals we then spotted a pair of beautiful Rosy-throated Longclaws while above the cliff top a Verreaux’s Eagle was being mobbed by an African Hawk-eagle. Passing through an area of forest we found a pair of White-tailed Barbets and then on the road we saw an African Firefinch and then a Tambourine Dove. As we drove past some more cliffs two Black-chested Snake-eagles were seen and in the grass beside us were three Chandler’s Reedbucks. We watched as a procession of Common Zebra walked past and a little further along a couple of Lions were seen including one which was sat up a tree.

Continuing our journey our next find was a magnificent looking Secretary Bird feeding its young on a nest and nearby both Broad-billed and Lilac-breasted Rollers were seen in perfect sunlight. In the open grasslands we came across a group of four Southern Ground-hornbills with a line of Rothschild’s Giraffes walking behind them. A fantastic sight! It was time for lunch so we hastily returned to our lodge. In the grounds most people saw Little Rock Thrush and Speke’s Weaver while White-rumped Swifts patrolled overhead. After lunch we packed our bags and moved out. A last visit was made to the lake shore to refresh our memories with the incredible spectacle of million’s of Lesser Flamingos.

On the ground sat a huge immature Martial Eagle which then, flew off and circled the forest only to be joined by an adult. Amongst the waterbirds were hundreds of White Pelicans, Yellow-billed Storks, Sacred and Glossy Ibis, African Spoonbills, Marabou, terns, gulls and commoner shorebirds. Two white-phase Dimorphic Egrets caused a little debate and then we said farewell to one of the most amazing scenes on Earth. Setting off towards Mt Kenya a stop was made along the way at the famous Thomson Falls where we hoped to see Sharpe’s Starling. It was really too early in the day for them, but compensation for not seeing them was had when two huge African Crowned Eagles came soaring out of the wooded valley below and rose up to give some great views of this very impressive bird. We continued our drive with another roadside stop made when Joseph spotted a Black-bellied Bustard stood on a grassy mound. Our next stop was a small quarry where we searched the entire rock face to try and find our next target species but only saw Red-winged Starlings and Little Rock Thrush. We then set our telescopes on a fantastic Mackinder’s Eagle-owl in full view on the rock face.

After taking a few record photos we completed the last leg of our journey to the Naro Moru River Lodge. Yet another great location we enjoyed a super evening meal and then after our regular log-call we retired to our cabins. During the night the sounds of Tree Hyrax outside our cabins sounded like something from a horror movie!!

DAY 12: MT KENYA – SAMBURU.

After breakfast we met up in the lodge grounds where it didn’t take too long before we were looking at a fabulous male Narina Trogon. Taking a short walk along the river we located a couple of Mountain Wagtails, a Long-crested Eagle and a superb Hartlaub’s Turaco just a few feet away. After seeing a few other species such as Eastern Double-collared Sunbird, Tacazze Sunbird, Tropical Boubou and Cape Robin-chat, we then loaded the minibuses and moved out. As we drove towards the impressive peak of Mt Kenya an impromptu roadside stop found us the difficult white-throated race of Black-lored Babbler. Continuing on we got to the entrance gate of Mt Kenya National Park and birded the woodland edge here. A Red-fronted Parrot sat in the top of a tree and an adult Martial Eagle soared overhead. There were lots of Hunter’s Cisticolas around and a pair of Yellow-bellied Waxbills were much appreciated, as was our first Mountain Yellow Warbler. We then drove into the park and started to make our way up and through the forest. Our first stop was for Abyssinian Crimsonwings, shortly followed by a Jackson’s Francolin and then a Mountain Buzzard. We continued driving up to 10,000ft where we stopped at the Met Station. The weather was now decidedly cooler, but this was soon forgotten as we got out of the buses and immediately found the two species we were looking for. Very tame Alpine Chats sat around on the short plants and several gorgeous Abyssinian Ground Thrushes came out of the bamboo and fed

Hartlaub’s Turacos were seen and most of the group got to see a Cinnamon Bracken Warbler. A couple of Cape Canaries were then added to our list while Montane White-eye, Olive Thrush and Tacazze Sunbird showed well. We then headed back down towards the gate for our picnic lunch. Along the way we had the inevitable stops which this time included three Silvery-cheeked Hornbills and then a pair of Grey Cuckoo-shrikes. Back at the gate we had our picnic lunch and while eating Michael spotted a raptor in the distance; it eventually appeared very close right above our heads and was a magnificent adult African Crowned Eagle. This excellent bird was so close that every single bit of detail could be seen. Wow! After lunch we set off on our drive to Samburu.

Not too much was seen along the way but the temperature changed from cool to hot. As we neared the park gate a stop was made beside some very short grass and here we watched a pair of Somali Coursers with a juvenile close beside them. A couple of White-eared Mousebirds were then spotted before finally arriving at the gate. As our entrance passes were being sorted we got out and watched hundreds of Little Swifts which were flying to and fro from their nests under the gate buildings. Our first Von der Decken’s Hornbill’s posed for the scopes but an adult Gabar Goshawk was much less showy. Driving through this park was typical of all the wildlife films you see on TV; Dry open thorn scrub with a backdrop of mountains, it was truly beautiful scenery. We soon started seeing birds such as White-headed and Red-billed Buffalo-weavers, Northern White-crowned Shrikes, Superb Starlings, more hornbills and then a nice Pink-breasted Lark. White-bellied Bustards were quite common and we enjoyed excellent views including a family of four right in front of our bus. In all we reckon we must have seen 12 on our journey to the lodge. Our first Gerenuks, Grevy’s Zebras and Besia Oryx were seen well and then a pair of Black-faced Sandgrouse allowed us to drive right along side.

Moving on we next found several pairs of Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse and a group of Donaldson-smith’s Sparrow-weavers. A lone African Elephant was our first, and it was very much appreciated. It was now getting late in the day and Lichtenstein’s Sandgrouse started to appear on the tracks. We got really close views of these excellent birds and then we found five more Somali Coursers! A Verreaux’s Eagle-owl was spotted looking down on us as we crossed a small stream and shortly after we arrived at the Samburu Serena River Lodge. We settled into our cabins and later met for the evening meal. As we sat down to eat I casually mentioned that I could see a Leopard on the other side of the river, it had come down to some meat that had been put out by the lodge staff. Eventually someone else looked and I was believed! We quickly collected a couple of scopes and set them up to get good views. In between courses we took turns at having great views of this impressive mammal, in fact everyone in the hotel seemed to leave their meals as well and have a look!

DAY 13: SAMBURU.

After an early breakfast it was time for a quick look around the lodge grounds. Beside the river were a group of surprisingly beautiful Vulturine Guineafowl while in a tree above us was a Bearded Woodpecker. Taking a walk out to the front of the lodge we tried to find a Grey-headed Bush-shrike. We never saw or heard one but we did see Spotted Mourning Thrush, Northern Brownbuls and excellent views of a Bare-eyed Thrush. Just as we were about to leave John spotted a raptor flying over; we ran to an open area to get better views and were rewarded with an excellent sighting of a Bat Hawk. We then got into our minibuses and set off into the park. Almost immediately a Palm-nut Vulture was spotted flying on our left, lots of Slate-coloured Boubous were seen and heard and we found a Grey Wren-warbler, Chestnut Sparrows, Southern Black Flycatcher and Chestnut Weavers.

Moving on through an area of grassland near to the river we were very pleased to find a superb Leopard lying down just 20ft away. While watching and photographing this, one of our most sought after mammals it then sat up and looked at us for a while before lying back down. What a magnificent animal and close enough for everyone to get a memorable photo. Moving on from here we slowly followed the river and saw Three-striped Tchagra, Orange-bellied Parrots, African Hoopoe, a superb Grey-headed Bush-shrike and Black-bellied Sunbird.

Nearby were a small herd of African Elephants including several that were very young and here in the bushes we got to see several Black-faced Waxbills. There was a small Nile Crocodile on the shallow river bed and further along on the other side a pride of Lions relaxed together. We continued around the park seeing more Impala, Gerenuks and tiny Kirk’s Dikdiks. A tree full of Red-billed Hornbills also held two Eastern Yellow-billed Hornbills while above us flew both African Harrier-hawk and a Bateleur. We found another good area and watched Somali Bee-eaters and a Taita Fiscal together, while nearby Ashy Prinia and a Fawn-coloured Lark were found. Barbets included both Black-throated and d’Arnaud’s while White-headed and Blue-naped Mousebirds showed well. In the understory we had fabulous views of good numbers of Crested Francolin and Yellow-necked Spurfowl while half hidden under a tree was a Somali Ostrich. At a road bridge we got good views of two huge Mottled Swifts amongst the many Little Swifts. Returning to the lodge for lunch we then took a short siesta. In the lodge grounds before we left for our afternoon drive there was a pair of Northern Puffbacks, several Dodson’s Bulbuls which are a distinct race of Common Bulbul and two Golden Palm Weavers. In the park we took a different route and soon caught up with Rosy-patched Bush-shrike, yet another beautiful bird! More Pink-breasted Larks were seen, lots of Black-capped Social Weavers and then our first of three Somali Long-billed Crombecs and extremely local and scarce species. Moving on, apart from the regular White-backed Vultures, we saw a huge Lappet-faced and then a Verreaux’s Eagle.

We then stopped when a Buff-crested Bustard was heard calling and after some intense scanning and almost at the point of giving up we found it and got some super views as walked about the grass with all its’ crest raised. A long drive around got us very close to the pride of Lions that we saw in the morning but we only managed distant views of a group of Reticulated Giraffes. A White-winged Scrub-robin showed well, but a real highlight was a Kori Bustard which slowly walked between our two buses followed by two little chicks. As we headed back towards the lodge our last stop had us look at two Ruppell’s Griffon Vultures sat with a group of White-back’s, while below there was a tree filled with White-throated Bee-eaters. Back at the lodge we enjoyed another good evening meal and later that night after looking for African Scops-owl some of us saw a Striped Hyena under the lights of the baited Leopard tree.

DAY 14: SAMBURU – MT KENYA.

Today we had a quick coffee and then went out before breakfast on a drive into the park. There’s nothing quite like the atmosphere of early morning and this morning we hadn’t gone far when a Leopard was spotted walking through the scrub. Continuing on we crisscrossed the grasslands soon finding an adult and a young Buff-crested Bustard. We later had excellent views of another male which walked right past the buses. All the regular mammals were easily seen and a nice find were three Golden Pipits which showed well with a full adult being particularly handsome. Other birds seen included Black-chested Snake-eagle, two Heuglin’s Coursers, Chestnut-bellied, Black-faced and Lichtenstein’s Sandgrouse and then a small flock of Fischer’s Starlings. As we returned we stopped and watched a young Lion which had its sights fixed on an Impala. It carefully stalked it and then sprinted towards its victim, but the Impala spotted it and was too quick! Back towards the lodge we saw White-backed, Ruppell’s and three very close Lappet-faced Vultures sat in some low trees.

A group of Reticulated Giraffes were then spotted and we got wonderful views of these animals feeding together. As we returned for breakfast a male Black-necked Weaver was seen, ending a very productive start to the day. Afterwards we loaded the minibuses and set off out of the park. Continuing on we drove through a low grassy area and got good views of Fischer’s Sparrow-larks and then nine Somali Coursers and a family of Chestnut-headed Sparrow-larks with the male seen very well. Leaving this spot we went to Buffalo Springs lodge and while enjoying a cool drink we watched several Diederik Cuckoos, Bristle-crowned Starlings, White-fronted Bee-eaters and an excellent look at a Marico Sunbird. As we left the lodge and its group of Olive Baboons, a roadside stop found us Somali Golden-breasted Bunting and then a huge Red-winged Lark later followed by Blue-capped Cordon Bleu, and Yellow-vented Eremomela. We then drove out of the gate and on towards the cooler climbs of Mt Kenya. Along the way at a petrol and picnic stop, we found several Red-collared Widowbirds. Our next stop was in the lower forest a few kilometres from Mountain Lodge where we were going to stay. A noisy group of White-headed Hoopoes were easily seen then found a pair of White-eared Barbets and we got excellent views of two Little Sparrowhawks displaying and then perching in a tree top in bright sunlight.

Moving on a little a stop was made to view and photograph Mt Kenya, just a short distance further and we arrived at the lodge. This fantastic lodge was built overlooking a natural salt lick and all of our rooms had perfect views of this animal magnet. As night fell, then spotlights strategically positioned lit up the area and as we watched wildlife started to come out of the forest. Common Bushbucks were first and then several Grey Mongoose. Our five star evening meal was pleasantly interrupted when a herd of Cape Buffalo appeared, a couple of Spotted Hyenas came in and then a wonderful Black Rhino. What a place this was! Continuing to watch after the meal added White-tailed Mongoose and two beautifully marked Common Genets, as well as two African Snipe. During the night we were all on alarm call if a Giant Bush Pig turned up, it never, so apart from Hyena and Tree Hyrax calling we got a good nights sleep.

DAY 15: MT KENYA – NAIROBI VIA WANJEE CAMP.

This morning we had a quick coffee and then a look from the roof of the lodge which not only overlooked the salt lick but all directions of the forest and superb views of Mt Kenya. Scanning the tree tops soon produced a perched Augur buzzard and then a Great Sparrowhawk. On another distant tree a Sharpe’s Starling was spotted but closer and better were a small group of Abbot’s Starlings. On a forest track below us we could see a couple of Tambourine Doves while over the forest canopy Bronze-naped Pigeons seemed reluctant to land anywhere. We then took a walk with an armed guard outside the lodge and along the approach road. An Oriole Finch was only seen well by Joseph, but everyone saw Eastern Double-collared Sunbirds, Ruppell’s and Cape Robin-chat, a juvenile White-starred Robin and a Black-throated Barbet. Moving on we caught up with several Moustached Green Tinkerbirds and then after seeing Mosque Swallow and a brief Cinnamon Bracken Warbler we got fantastic views of an adult African Crowned Eagle flying off through the forest, only to return and perch in a tree where we set the scopes on it. Brilliant! Scaly Francolin eluded us although several were heard, but the finale of our walk was a superb White-browed Crombec called in by Nico. We returned for breakfast and then packed our luggage and set off towards Nairobi.

A roadside stop for a group of Mottled Spinetails was later followed by a stop for a Brown-hooded Kingfisher perched nicely on a telegraph wire. We had now arrived at the Wajee Nature Park and once we had located the local guide we followed him into the forest and were shown a pair of African Wood Owls on their daytime roost. Further into the wood and after a lot of hard work we were eventually rewarded with great views of up to five Hinde’s Babblers a localized and threatened Kenya endemic. Very pleased we continued our journey and next called in to a hydro-electric station were we searched nearby scrub and fields. A Grey-headed Kingfisher was seen as well as Bronze Mannikins and then our target species of at least one male and a female African Golden Weaver. It was now hot so we got back into the buses and continued on. Our last stop of the day was at the Blue Post Hotel near Nairobi. A cool drink was followed by a search of the grounds. Several of the white-tailed race of White-headed Barbets were seen but the gardens were generally very quiet.

We decided to walk along the river and at the furthest point we could go, we found Cinnamon-breasted Bee-eaters, a Pygmy Kingfisher and a brief Golden-winged Sunbird. A Grey-olive Greenbul proved itself to be very elusive but a couple of Black-throated Wattle-eyes showed very well and completed our full list of Kenyan wattle-eyes! It was time to go so a quick photo of the group then saw us fight our way through the city traffic to arrive at a hotel restaurant where we had our last meal of the holiday together. With this over we went to the nearby Nairobi Airport. We said our thank you’s to the drivers Simon and John who were exceptional throughout. Their superb driving skills, friendliness and keen interest in wildlife were an asset to the trip. As for Joseph & Nico they proved yet again what professionals and experts they were in all aspects of this fabulous Kenya tour. We came to see and enjoy wildlife and this is exactly what we did. The skills of these two guides were as good as it gets and there hard work and bird finding abilities were appreciated fully by everyone that wanted the best of Kenyan wildlife watching

The author is a Tour Consultant for Skyview of Africa Tours & Safaris Ltd

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